“…While cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairment (both MCI and dementia) are often comorbidities, sharing several risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity, it remains unclear whether cardiovascular diseases, vascular diseases, or events alone are attributable risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment. Disturbances in cerebral blood flow play a crucial role in the pathophysiological pathways leading to dementia, including Alzheimer's dementia, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CHD), stroke (including cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage), and metabolic syndrome with its components, including diabetes and obesity, which may be considered potential risk factors for MCI, among other factors [20,46].…”