Dynamic functional connectivity of the default mode network tracks daydreaming

Kucyi, Aaron; Davis, Karen D.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.044

Cited by 329 publications

(252 citation statements)

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“…Our results reveal that mean activity within the whole DMN is explained by a combination of self-reported off-task attention and behavioral stability levels, but the DMN is comprised of anatomical and functional subsystems and subregions that could exhibit distinct profiles (4,33,34). For example, a given DMN subsystem/subregion could relate to self-reported attention but not behavioral variability, or vice versa, an effect that would be washed out when analyzing only average whole-DMN activity.…”

Section: Dmn Fluctuations Reflect Both Self-reported Attention and Bementioning

confidence: 86%

“…Despite the relationships with activity presented here, mind-wandering and stable behavior could each have unique relationships with functional network connectivity. Connectivity of the DMN is highly relevant to attentional fluctuations (12,21,34). Simultaneous consideration of both selfreported mind-wandering and behavior could yield insights into the significance of time-varying network dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering

Kucyi

Esterman

Riley

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The brain's default mode network (DMN) is highly active during wakeful rest when people are not overtly engaged with a sensory stimulus or externally oriented task. In multiple contexts, increased spontaneous DMN activity has been associated with self-reported episodes of mind-wandering, or thoughts that are unrelated to the present sensory environment. Mind-wandering characterizes much of waking life and is often associated with error-prone, variable behavior. However, increased spontaneous DMN activity has also been reliably associated with stable, rather than variable, behavior. We aimed to address this seeming contradiction and to test the hypothesis that single measures of attentional states, either based on selfreport or on behavior, are alone insufficient to account for DMN activity fluctuations. Thus, we simultaneously measured varying levels of self-reported mind-wandering, behavioral variability, and brain activity with fMRI during a unique continuous performance task optimized for detecting attentional fluctuations. We found that even though mind-wandering co-occurred with increased behavioral variability, highest DMN signal levels were best explained by intense mind-wandering combined with stable behavior simultaneously, compared with considering either single factor alone. These brainbehavior-experience relationships were highly consistent within known DMN subsystems and across DMN subregions. In contrast, such relationships were absent or in the opposite direction for other attention-relevant networks (salience, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks). Our results suggest that the cognitive processes that spontaneous DMN activity specifically reflects are only partially related to mind-wandering and include also attentional state fluctuations that are not captured by self-report.daydreaming | default mode network | sustained attention | spontaneous thought | resting state T he brain's default mode network (DMN) has been described as a distributed set of regions in association cortices showing increased activity during undirected, awake "resting" states relative to a wide variety of states that commonly involve externally oriented attention (1, 2). During undirected, awake life, humans frequently engage in mind-wandering, self-generated thoughts unrelated to the immediate sensory world (3). Based on such observations, researchers have considered that increased spontaneous DMN activation could be a neurophysiological correlate of mind-wandering (4, 5).Neuroimaging studies that have incorporated self-report measures suggest a role of the DMN in spontaneous cognition. Converging evidence from tasks that elicit mind-wandering (6, 7), interindividual differences in mind-wandering tendencies (8), and intraindividual fluctuations in self-reports (9-12) suggests that DMN activity is increased during stimulus-independent, taskunrelated thought. The DMN is also engaged when subjects actively think about the past, the future, and the perspectives of other people, all of which constitute the type...

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Section: Dmn Fluctuations Reflect Both Self-reported Attention and Bementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering

Kucyi

Esterman

Riley

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

130

140

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“…Whether this incongruence reflects inaccurate self-appraisal of mind-wandering proneness or a by-product of using a self-caught measure warrants further investigation. However, previous studies have suggested that individual differences in trait-based mind wandering are related to different fluctuations in neural activity in the default mode network than are episodes of self-reported mind wandering (Kucyi & Davis, 2014), suggesting that some incongruence is to be expected.…”

Section: Convergent Validitymentioning

confidence: 91%

An automated behavioral measure of mind wandering during computerized reading

2017

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Mind wandering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in which attention shifts from task-related to task-unrelated thoughts. The last decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in mind wandering, but research has been stymied by a lack of objective measures, leading to a near-exclusive reliance on self-reports. We addressed this issue by developing an eye-gaze-based, machine-learned model of mind wandering during computerized reading. Data were collected in a study in which 132 participants reported self-caught mind wandering while reading excerpts from a book on a computer screen. A remote Tobii TX300 or T60 eyetracker recorded their gaze during reading. The data were used to train supervised classification models to discriminate between mind wandering and normal reading in a manner that would generalize to new participants. We found that at the point of maximal agreement between the model-based and self-reported mind-wandering means (smallest difference between the group-level means: M model = .310, M self = .319), the participant-level mind-wandering proportional distributions were similar and were significantly correlated (r = .400). The model-based estimates were internally consistent (r = .751) and predicted text comprehension more strongly than did self-reported mind wandering (rmodel = −.374, r self = −.208). Our results also indicate that a robust strategy of probabilistically predicting mind wandering in cases with poor or missing gaze data led to improved performance on all metrics, as compared to simply discarding these data. Our findings demonstrate that an automated objective measure might be available for laboratory studies of mind wandering during reading, providing an appealing alternative or complement to self-reports.Keywords Mind wandering . Reading . Eye gaze . Machine learning It is common for one's attention to shift toward spontaneously generated, task-unrelated thoughts. This phenomenon is called mind wandering. Numerous studies have investigated mind wandering across a range of tasks and have found that it occurs anywhere between 20%-50% of the time (Kane et al.,

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“…Next, with regard to the spatial characteristics of the intensity of oscillations in R(t), our results presented in Fig. 6 show that the identified bilateral anterior cingulate, mesio-frontal, posterior cingulate, temporo-parietal and parahippocampal gyri overlap with the default mode internal awareness network [e.g., (Kucyi and Davis 2014)], while the bilateral dorso-lateral prefrontal cortices are part of the executive control/external awareness control networks (Vanhaudenhuyse et al 2011). Finally, let us note that these hypotheses could be linked to the previous point of the discussion.…”

Section: R(t) As a Footprint Of Resting-state Mentation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, many groups have explored daydreaming, or mind wandering using functional imaging. The networks implied in these processes are mainly the default mode network (Kucyi and Davis 2014;Fox et al 2013), the executive control network (Christoff et al 2009) as well as their interplay (Vanhaudenhuyse et al 2011;Hasenkamp et al 2012). The dynamical properties of mind wandering have also been studied and characteristic frequencies on the order of 0.03-0.05 Hz were found (Bastian and Sackur 2013;Vanhaudenhuyse et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral functional connectivity periodically (de)synchronizes with anatomical constraints

et al. 2015

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This paper studies the link between restingstate functional connectivity (FC), measured by the correlations of fMRI BOLD time courses, and structural connectivity (SC), estimated through fiber tractography. Instead of a static analysis based on the correlation between SC and FC averaged over the entire fMRI time series, we propose a dynamic analysis, based on the time evolution of the correlation between SC and a suitably windowed FC. Assessing the statistical significance of the time series against random phase permutations, our data show a pronounced peak of significance for time window widths around 20-30 TR (40-60 s). Using the appropriate window width, we show that FC patterns oscillate between phases of high modularity, primarily shaped by anatomy, and phases of low modularity, primarily shaped by inter-network connectivity. Building upon recent results in dynamic FC, this emphasizes the potential role of SC as a transitory architecture between different highly connected restingstate FC patterns. Finally, we show that the regions contributing the most to these whole-brain level fluctuations of FC on the supporting anatomical architecture belong to the default mode and the executive control networks Steven Laureys and Rodolphe Sepulchre contributed equally. Electronic supplementary material 123Brain Struct Funct DOI 10.1007/s00429-015-1083-y suggesting that they could be capturing consciousness-related processes such as mind wandering.

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Dynamic functional connectivity of the default mode network tracks daydreaming

Cited by 329 publications

References 49 publications

Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering

Spontaneous default network activity reflects behavioral variability independent of mind-wandering

An automated behavioral measure of mind wandering during computerized reading

Cerebral functional connectivity periodically (de)synchronizes with anatomical constraints

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