“…However, a key challenge remains the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) which are produced during combustion procedures. In order to fulfill with more constraining Europeans emissions standards, automakers innovate in new technologies: such like the post-treatment of Exhaust Particulate Filters (DPF), multiple injection system, common rail injection system [10], Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technique [6], [4], [15], [1], [19] and Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) system [6], [4], [15], [1], [19].…”