“…Users overwhelmingly preferred to immobilize the ligand via amine coupling (96%), although a few groups used thiol coupling (3%) or developed novel immobilization chemistries [e.g., Reference 717]. In capturing assays, ligands were most often tagged with biotin (63%), His x (10%), or GST (8%), although several authors captured using anti-IgG [353,364,372], protein A, G, or A/G [217,294,388,474,487,542,557], or ligand-specific antibodies [252,558,561]. Clark et al [143] and Le Pogam et al [919] minimally biotinylated proteins for streptavidin capture and Zaman et al [943] blocked a target's active site with a small-molecule binder during immobilization to ensure the target was not coupled via this site [943].…”