Dynamic Evaluation of GNSS Spoofing and Jamming Efficacy Based on Game Theory

Abstract

The evaluation of the effectiveness of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing and jamming equipment is not only an important means of enhancing the power of modern satellite navigation countermeasures, but also a dynamic decision-making problem, whose complexity manifests as the uncertainty of information used to make decisions (e.g., fuzziness, randomness, and dynamics). Previously, full consideration was given to the dynamics of decision information, as well the fuzzy, stochastic problems of quantitative and qualitative data when integrated with subjective and objective information. In this study, first, a spoofing mode index was established based on the performance analysis results of the spoofing equipment and target receivers during antagonized navigation. Second, a combined interval number eigenvalue method (IEM) algorithm with ternary association numbers, and entropy-weighting of the interval were used to combine weights, while considering the uncertainty of judged index weights and their subjectivity. Using a fuzzy comprehensive assessment of the interval and the superposition of multiple expertderived joint scores, a profit matrix was constructed and solved using game theory to reveal the advantages of this approach in dealing with dynamic problems. Finally, the uncertainty of decision information was fully considered by applying the proposed method to practical application and dynamic analysis. INDEX TERMS GNSS spoofing and jamming equipment, spoofing mode index, game theory, combination weighting, interval-valued fuzzy comprehensive assessment, interval number eigenvalue method.

Optimal decision for the satellite navigation system under navigation countermeasures based on spoofing effect evaluation results

“…Based on the interval-valued fuzzy evaluation results obtained by our early research [18], which can reduce the uncertainties in measurable indices, a grey expert-based system method is proposed to improve the quantification accuracy of qualitative indices in the evaluation system. Regulation 1 The ES is used to determine the horizontal and vertical scores of each spoofing strategy and defense measure under the blind-information countermeasures.…”

“…Based on the interval‐valued fuzzy evaluation results obtained by our early research [18], which can reduce the uncertainties in measurable indices, a grey expert‐based system method is proposed to improve the quantification accuracy of qualitative indices in the evaluation system.…”

“…Related research has been done on how to effectively solve benefit equations deduced from the benefit matrix and make the optimal decision. As solving the benefit equations developed from the benefit matrix is a mathematical programming problem, linear programming (LP), which can solve linear equations of any order [17], was used by Wang et al and Signori et al to solve benefit equations and evaluate the GNSS spoofing effect [18] and jamming attack effect [19]; however, the results obtained by the LP are not only the global optimum; they also contain the local optimum.…”

“…and Signori et al. to solve benefit equations and evaluate the GNSS spoofing effect [18] and jamming attack effect [19]; however, the results obtained by the LP are not only the global optimum; they also contain the local optimum. The problem can affect the reliability of the decision‐making results.…”

Research on Multi-Peak Detection of Small Delay Spoofing Signal

“…Besides, it is one of the most basic and important technical means for the precision strike of missiles and other types of weapons. The GNSS can not only provide positioning and navigation but also many services, such as accurate time synchronization [3,4]. In summary, the GNSS has strong application value in many fields, from financial transaction records to military and aerospace applications [5][6][7].…”