“…In the DC-based architecture of HCS, the EMS is focused on various objectives, such as regulation of various energy sources, charging at minimized cost, uninterruptible and efficient charging, and minimizing the use of UG power [14], [56], [58]- [61], [64], [65], [69], [76], [77]. Among these works, references [14], [56], [58], [60], [61], [69] use optimization-based approach (global or real-time) in their EMS, whereas rule-based approach is used in [59], [64], [65], [76], [77], as summarized in Table 7. These EMS techniques in [14], [56], [58]- [61], [64], [65], [76] are implemented in simulation, mostly in MATLAB/Simulink (except [58], [59], [61], [64]).…”