Dynamic electrodeposition of aminoacid-polypyrrole on aminoacid-PEDOT substrates: Conducting polymer bilayers as electrodes in neural systems

Coatings of nanostructured pristine graphene-IrOx hybrids for neural electrodes: Layered stacking and the role of non-oxygenated graphene

“…IrOx capacity derives from faradaic redox intercalation processes that affect the whole volume, and therefore an increase in CSC c with amount of material is expected. It is significant that the increase is not linear and the largest contribution to capacity is found in initial deposits, as it also happens in electrodeposition of pure IrOx or of conducting polymers [5,9,47]. In all those cases, the deposited material is known to oxidize simultaneously to anodic electrodeposition, using up some of the charge of the process.…”

“…However, only a few materials have been proven biocompatible. In that sense, electrodeposited IrOx and conducting polymers are considered among the best candidates [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], although other work is done to improve neural growth [ex. 11,12].…”

Large charge-storage-capacity iridium/ruthenium oxide coatings as promising material for neural stimulating electrodes

“…In order to address this, iridium was investigated by alloying with other metals (platinum, titanium, tantalum or tin) to produce mixed metal oxide electrodes [8,11,12,14,16,30e34] and with novel hybrid materials (PEDOT, PPy, liquid crystal polymer) to form mixed Ir/polymer-oxide materials [35e37]. However, degradation of the mixed iridium composite at high current pulsing, loss of performance with cycling, brittleness and reproduction in case of polymers mixed material make these electrodes unsuitable for clinical use [8,16,37]. Emerging materials like carbon nanotubes, biopolymer (silk), silicon, functionalized polymers material have also been introduced, with a certain success [4,37e47].…”

Short-term electrostimulation enhancing neural repair in vitro using large charge capacity nanostructured electrodes

“…[26][27][28] Nanostructuring of conducting polymers, however, yields CSC that remain in the range of 2 to 20 mC/cm 2 . [30] Furthermore, the contribution of nanocarbons to charge capacities has been shown to be remarkable when large stability is required, as compared to macro carbons as graphite. [27,28] The chemistry effects of the substrate material used in neural cell adhesion, has been also shown to be significant in cultures without EF stimulation.…”