Dynamic computed tomographic evaluation of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs

Vlugt-Meijer, Roselinda H van der; Meij, Björn P.; Voorhout, George

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1518

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…In five of six dogs, a similar enhancement pattern was observed with dynamic helical CT as with single‐slice dynamic CT that was used in previous studies 7,8 . In the dog in which no distinction between the early‐enhancing neurohypophysis and the later‐enhancing adenohypophysis was observed, a hypoattenuating area was present in the center of the pituitary gland that obscured the difference in enhancement between the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dynamic transverse and reconstructed dorsal and sagittal images were viewed for the location and shape of the neurohypophyseal flush and for the difference in time between enhancement of the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis 7 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, conventional contrast‐enhanced CT of the pituitary gland is normal in these dogs as microadenomas may go undetected due to isoattenuation 1,6 . With dynamic CT of the pituitary gland, however, the neurohypophysis can be differentiated from the adenohypophysis due to early arterial enhancement 7,8 . Displacement or distortion of this neurohypophyseal flush may be useful for indirect assessment of the location of the microadenoma 6,9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Helical Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland in Healthy Dogs

Vlugt-Meijer

Meij

Voorhout

2007

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Dynamic helical computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland can be used to image the three-dimensional shape and dimensions of abnormalities within the pituitary gland. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for dynamic helical CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs as a future reference study for patients with pituitary disease. Dynamic helical series of nine scans of the pituitary gland during and following contrast medium injection were performed in six healthy dogs using the following protocols: a series with 1 mm collimation and a table feed per X-ray tube rotation of 2 mm (pitch of 2) in six dogs, a series with 2 mm collimation and pitch of 2 in three dogs, and a series with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 1 in three other dogs. Multiplanar reconstructions of the images were made using a reconstruction index of 0.5. Images of all series were assessed visually for enhancement of the arteries, the neurohypophysis, and the adenohypophysis. The enhancement pattern of the neurohypophysis was distinguished adequately from that of the adenohypophysis in five dogs that were scanned with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 2, but the difference was less discernable when the other protocols were used. The carotid artery, its trifurcation, and the arterial cerebral circle were best visualized in dorsal reconstructions. Dynamic helical CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs can be performed with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 2, and a scan length that includes the entire pituitary region. Using this protocol, with the specific scanner used, the neurohypophysis, the adenohypophysis, and the surrounding vascular structures are adequately visualized.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Helical Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland in Healthy Dogs

Vlugt-Meijer

Meij

Voorhout

2007

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…[14] Except for dynamic pituitary perfusion studies, neoplasm tissue perfusion reports using CTA are rare in the veterinary literature. [22][23][24] One study looked at dynamic CTA at the largest cross section of a variety of spontaneous canine tumors (carcinomas, soft tissue, and bone sarcomas) over time. [25] Contrast enhancement was assessed during first pass, wash out and late phases and time attenuation curves calculated for the tumor and contralateral artery ROIs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple Phase Dynamic Computed Tomographic Perfusion Characteristics of Spirocercosis Induced Esophageal Nodules in Non‐neoplastic Versus Neoplastic Canine Cases

Kirberger

Cassel

Stander

et al. 2014

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Neoplastic transformation of Spirocerca lupi induced esophageal nodules carries a poor prognosis. Clinical, clinicopathological, endoscopic, and radiographic characteristics may be indicative of neoplastic transformation but variable sensitivity and specificity of these parameters makes their use questionable. We hypothesized that CT would be a better diagnostic modality to discriminate between non‐neoplastic and neoplastic nodules. In this prospective study of 38 dogs, the appearance and perfusion characteristics of confirmed spirocercosis‐induced neoplastic and non‐neoplastic esophageal nodules were described using survey CT and triple phase dynamic CT angiography (CTA). Pre‐ and post‐contrast early arterial, late arterial, and venous CTA images were evaluated. Non‐neoplastic nodules were smooth and nonmineralized with a higher proportion of hypoattenuating necropurulent cavities compared to neoplastic nodules that had a more irregular surface, with 93% having mineralized foci and rarely any hypoattenuating pockets. Non‐neoplastic nodules were significantly more perfused than neoplastic nodules with the difference being up to 23 Hounsfield units. The difference was most marked in the early and late arterial phases (P = 0.0005 and 0.00005, respectively). Ratios of the normal esophagus adjacent to the neoplastic and non‐neoplastic nodules did not differ significantly from each other. Perfusion findings demonstrated relative hypoperfusion of the esophageal sarcomas. Findings from the current study indicated that CT characteristics of relative postcontrast hypoperfusion, combined with nodule irregularity and mineralization warrant a high level of concern for neoplastic transformation in canine spirocercosis‐induced esophageal nodules.

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“…The pituitary can be visualized by computed tomography (CT, Figure 2) or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [13,14]. In healthy dogs, the pituitary gland is 6 to 10 mm in length, 5 to/9 mm in width, and 4 to/6 mm in height [15]. The size of the pituitary can be evaluated by means of the ratio between its height and the area of the brain (P/B ratio), measured on a CT image through the center of the pituitary: a P/B ratio greater than 0.31 indicates pituitary enlargement [16,17].…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Of the Pituitary And Adrenal Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting The Best Treatment Option For A Dog With Cushing’S Syndrome

Galac

2015

Acta Veterinaria

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Spontaneous hypercortisolism or Cushing's syndrome is a common endocrinopathy in dogs. Pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism each require specifi c treatment and diagnostic imaging is very helpful in choosing the treatment that is appropriate. The aims and expectations of the treatment need to be established beforehand and discussed with the owner to avoid unexpected disappointments. The clinical signs of pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary microadenoma can be managed with the adrenocorticostatic drug trilostane, but the drug will not affect the pituitary tumor. Hypophysectomy is therefore preferred in those dogs that have an enlarged pituitary but are in good clinical condition and have a long life-expectancy. Inoperable pituitary tumors can be treated by radiotherapy. The best treatment in dogs with cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors is adrenalectomy. If surgery is not possible, because of vascular invasion or metastatic spread, mitotane is recommended. Treatment with trilostane can be considered but is only palliative: it does not affect the adrenocortical tumor.

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Dynamic computed tomographic evaluation of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Dynamic Helical Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland in Healthy Dogs

Dynamic Helical Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland in Healthy Dogs

Triple Phase Dynamic Computed Tomographic Perfusion Characteristics of Spirocercosis Induced Esophageal Nodules in Non‐neoplastic Versus Neoplastic Canine Cases

Selecting The Best Treatment Option For A Dog With Cushing’S Syndrome

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