Dynamic compressive strength and fragmentation in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks

Rae, Auriol S. P.; Kenkmann, T.; Vivek, Padmanabha; Poelchau, M. H.; Schäfer, Frank; Dörfler, Matthias A.; Müller, Louis

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229221

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The numerical simulations also suggest that peak volumetric strain rates reached ∼5 × 10 6 s −1 in experiment #494 (Figure 1) and ∼2 × 10 6 s −1 in experiment #505 (Figure S3 in Supporting Information S1) and then dropped rapidly with distance to between 0.1 and 0.3 × 10 6 s −1 at depths that correspond to about 3 GPa. Note that we present the peak values of the volumetric strain rate as first-order estimates as mentioned in Section 2.2 because strain rate has been frequently used to characterize shock wave experiments (e.g., Rae et al, 2022).…”

Section: Peak Pressure Temperature and Strain-rate Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evidence for Shear‐Induced Melting and Generation of Stishovite in Granite at Low (<18 GPa) Shock Pressure

et al. 2023

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Knowledge of the shock behavior of planetary materials is essential to interpret shock metamorphism documented in rocks at hypervelocity impact structures on Earth, in meteorites, and in samples retrieved in space missions. Although our understanding of shock metamorphism has improved considerably within the last decades, the effects of friction and plastic deformation on shock metamorphism of complex, polycrystalline, non‐porous rocks are poorly constrained. Here, we report on shock‐recovery experiments in which natural granite was dynamically compressed to 0.5–18 GPa by singular, hemispherically decaying shock fronts. We then combine petrographic observations of shocked samples that retained their pre‐impact stratigraphy with distributions of peak pressures, temperatures, and volumetric strain rates obtained from numerical modeling to systematically investigate progressive shock metamorphism of granite. We find that the progressive shock metamorphism of granite observed here is mainly consistent with current classification schemes. However, we also find that intense shear deformation during shock compression and release causes the formation of highly localized melt veins at peak pressures as low as 6 GPa, which is an order of magnitude lower than currently thought. We also find that melt veins formed in quartz grains compressed to >10–12 GPa contain the high‐pressure silica polymorph stishovite. Our results illustrate the significance of shear and plastic deformation during hypervelocity impact and bear on our understanding of how melt veins containing high‐pressure polymorphs form in moderately shocked terrestrial impactites or meteorites.

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Section: Peak Pressure Temperature and Strain-rate Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evidence for Shear‐Induced Melting and Generation of Stishovite in Granite at Low (<18 GPa) Shock Pressure

et al. 2023

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“…Since the results are available for rocks with the same lithologies in compression, comparing the characteristic strain rate among compression and tension experiments is interesting. The characteristic strain rate of Malsburg Granite, Seeberger Sandstone and Carrara Marble in compression was found to be 217 ± 95 /s, 322 ± 92 /s and 144 ± 33 /s, respectively (Rae et al 2020(Rae et al , 2022. The ratio of the characteristic strain rate in compression to the characteristic strain rate tension for the rock types are: MaGr = ~ 86; SeSa = ~ 123; CaMa = ~ 60; we observe that there is no definitive ratio among them, and they do not overlap as well.…”

Section: Dynamic Split Tensile Strength and Its Strain Rate Dependencymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In our study, we have used aluminium foam of 10 mm thickness and 90% porosity as a pulse shaper. The aluminium foam was pre-hit at a striker velocity of ~ 10 m/s resulting in a final thickness of ~ 7.5 mm (Rae et al 2022(Rae et al , 2020Zwiessler et al 2017). The pre-hit aluminium foam ensures a uniform contact between the bar and pulse shaper.…”

Section: Shpb Test Apparatus and Working Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previous study from our research group (Rae et al 2020(Rae et al , 2022Zwiessler et al 2017) have used the same rock types, Malsburg Granite, Seeberger Sandstone and Carrara Marble for compressive SHPB experiments and have determined the characteristic strain rate values. Since the results are available for rocks with the same lithologies in compression, comparing the characteristic strain rate among compression and tension experiments is interesting.…”

Section: Dynamic Split Tensile Strength and Its Strain Rate Dependencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Split Tensile Strength of Basalt, Granite, Marble and Sandstone: Strain Rate Dependency and Fragmentation

et al. 2022

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The aim of this study is to understand the strength behaviour and fragment size of rocks during indirect, quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests. Four rocks with different lithological characteristics, namely: basalt, granite, sandstone, and marble were selected for this study. Brazilian disc experiments were performed over a range of strain rates from ~ 10–5 /s to 2.7 × 101 /s using a hydraulic loading frame and a split Hopkinson bar. Over the range of strain rates, our measurements of dynamic strength increase are in good agreement with the universal theoretical scaling relationship of (Kimberley et al., Acta Mater 61:3509–3521, 2013). Dynamic fragmentation during split tension mode failure has received little attention, and in the present study, we determine the fragment size distribution based on the experimentally fragmented specimens. The fragments fall into two distinct groups based on the nature of failure: coarser primary fragments, and finer secondary fragments. The degree of fragmentation is assessed in terms of characteristic strain rate and is compared with existing theoretical tensile fragmentation models. The average size of the secondary fragments has a strong strain rate dependency over the entire testing range, while the primary fragment size is less sensitive at lower strain rates. Marble and sandstone are found to generate more pulverised secondary debris when compared to basalt and granite. Furthermore, the mean fragment sizes of primary and secondary fragments are well described by a power-law function of strain rate.

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“…They established the prediction model of rock stiffness with respect to the strength improvement factor. In addition, Rae et al (2022) and Robbiano et al (2022) examined the properties of fragmentation and strain bursts on rocks undergoing dynamic triaxial and uniaxial tests, respectively. They revealed that the mechanical properties of rocks under different strain states could be relatively distinguished from their quasi-static ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and applications of the quasi‐dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks

Luo,

Cai,

et al. 2023

Deep Underground Science and Engineering

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The mechanical behaviors of deep rocks have always posed a challenge for the implementation and safe operation of major underground engineering projects. To this end, this study modified the existing mainstream rock mechanics instruments equipped with a dynamic disturbance loading system and developed a second‐generation TFD‐2000/D triaxial instrument. The first‐generation device is equipped with an independent disturbance system and an advanced EDC‐580 all‐digital servo controller, which can apply disturbing load independently, implement the function of cyclic disturbance, and combine dynamic and static disturbances. The instrument was found to be reliable for use in analyzing the damage process of rocks in the disturbance test of marbles. The second‐generation instrument tackles three limitations of the first‐generation instrument: (i) it upgrades the strain measurement system and uses extensometers with linear variable differential transformers to accurately measure deformation; (ii) it uses the self‐balanced chamber to replace the Hoek–Franklin triaxial cell and auto‐balancing triaxial pressure chamber; and (iii) the loading rod is independently equipped with an EDC‐580 all‐digital servo controller, which measures precise loads. The experimental findings confirmed that the second‐generation instrument can be used for rock mechanics testing under cyclic disturbance loading, the disturbance–stress relaxation cycle, and the creep–fatigue cycle. In this sense, the second‐generation instrument can be a useful addition to deep rock mechanical instruments and provide a valuable reference.

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Dynamic compressive strength and fragmentation in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks

Cited by 9 publications

References 76 publications

Experimental Evidence for Shear‐Induced Melting and Generation of Stishovite in Granite at Low (<18 GPa) Shock Pressure

Experimental Evidence for Shear‐Induced Melting and Generation of Stishovite in Granite at Low (<18 GPa) Shock Pressure

Dynamic Split Tensile Strength of Basalt, Granite, Marble and Sandstone: Strain Rate Dependency and Fragmentation

Development and applications of the quasi‐dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks

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