“…The energy changes during USRP texturing can reveal the interaction between the ultrasonic rolling ball and the material surface, in addition to reflecting the texturing effect. In general, the energy generated in the mechanical process includes artificial strain energy, creep dissipation energy, damage dissipation energy, external work, frictional dissipation, internal energy, kinetic energy, plastic dissipation, strain energy, total energy, and viscous dissipation [25,26]. show an overall increase accompanied by fluctuations, which indicates that the USRP texturing was a process of continuous plastic deformation and further proved the strain hardening phenomenon of the micro-textured surface.…”