Dynamic brain mapping of behavior change: Tracking response initiation and inhibition to changes in reinforcement rate

Schlund, Michael W.; Magee, Sandy K.; Hudgins, Caleb D.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.018

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although an interpretation based on strictly on US probability falls short, it is plausible that following the AA transition successful avoidance altered the function of CS+s signaling higher probabilities of US delivery leading to reduced regional activation (Schlund et al, 2015). In large part, our findings showing U shaped changes in vmPFC activation with CS threat increases is consistent with other investigations that show decreased activation when outcomes become less predictable, which occurs under increasing risk (Schonberg et al, 2012) and transitioning from reinforcement to extinction conditions (Schlund et al, 2012). There is also evidence for increases in vmPFC activation during learning under positive and negative reinforcement contingencies as outcomes become more predictable (Schlund & Ortu, 2010;Schlund et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior

et al. 2016

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Excessive avoidance and diminished approach behavior are both prominent features of anxiety, trauma and stress related disorders. Despite this, little is known about the neuronal mechanisms supporting gating of human approach-avoidance behavior. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to track dorsal anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal (dACC/dmPFC) activation along an approach-avoidance continuum to assess sensitivity to competing appetitive and aversive contingencies and correspondence with behavior change. Behavioral and fMRI experiments were conducted using a novel approach-avoidance task where a monetary reward appeared in the presence of a conditioned stimulus (CS), or threat, that signaled increasing probability of unconditioned stimulus (US) delivery. Approach produced the reward or probabilistic US, while avoidance prevented US delivery, and across trials, reward remained fixed while the CS threat level varied unpredictably. Increasing the CS threat level (i.e., US probability) produced the desired approach-avoidance transition and inverted U-shaped changes in decision times, electrodermal activity and activation in pregenual ACC, dACC/dmPFC, striatum, anterior insula and inferior frontal regions. Conversely, U-shaped changes in activation were observed in dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and bimodal changes in the orbitofrontal and ventral hippocampus. These new results show parallel dorsal-ventral frontal circuits support gating of human approach-avoidance behavior where dACC/dmPFC signals inversely correlate with value differences between approach and avoidance contingencies while ventral frontal signals correlate with the value of predictable outcomes. Our findings provide an important bridge between basic research on brain mechanisms of value-guided decision-making and value-focused clinical theories of anxiety and related interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior

et al. 2016

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“…Although effort mobilization is a prerequisite to most any action (Desmurget, 2013), it relies in part on autonomic activation (Silvia et al, 2014) and as such must strike a balance between the availability of physiologic resources and the inherent tendency to conserve such resources (Silvestrini & Gendolla, 2013). The neuroanatomic networks that subserve effort mobilization include the anterior and middle cingulate cortex and medial superior frontal gyrus and the associated basal ganglia circuits (Levy & Dubois, 2006), along with motivational (i.e., reinforcing) contributions from the orbitofrontal and ventromedial cortices and ventral striatum (Massimo et al, 2009;Schlund et al, 2012; for a review, see Ducharme et al, 2018).…”

Section: Initiation and Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroscience of executive functioning.

Suchy¹

2023

APA Handbook of Neuropsychology, Volume 2: Neuroscience and Neuromethods (Vol. 2).

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Although this chapter promotes a lifespan perspective on processes that are comprised in executive functioning (EF), the majority of research reviewed in the following sections relies on data from adults. This adult bias is inevitable, given that EF does not fully develop until adulthood and that, in children, components of EF are not sufficiently differentiated, either behaviorally or neuroanatomically (for a review, see Fiske & Holmboe, 2019). Research that does examine EF in children is primarily concerned with characterizing developmental trajectories of EF. This research has shown that rudimentary EF begins to emerge in infancy (approximately around 5-6 months of age) and experiences a fairly rapid development in early childhood (for reviews, see Best & Miller, 2010;Fiske & Holmboe, 2019). EF then continues to mature throughout adolescence and into the mid-to late 20s, as evidenced by improvements in both EF speed and EF accuracy during this period (Delis et al., 2001). Developmental improvements in performance parallel progressively greater processing efficiency (suggested by progressively more localized brain activation during EF task performance), as well as increases in synaptogenesis, neuronal proliferation and pruning, and myelination of relevant networks (for a review, see Best & Miller, 2010).

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Dynamic brain mapping of behavior change: Tracking response initiation and inhibition to changes in reinforcement rate

Cited by 2 publications

References 36 publications

The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior

The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior

Neuroscience of executive functioning.

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