“…In vitro, a cocktail of small molecules and proteins are supplemented into the culture media to promote neural induction and regional specification into lineage-restricted neuronal subpopulations such as midbrain dopaminergic or cortical progenitors. In vivo, numerous proteins such as neurotrophins, morphogens, chemokines and axon guidance molecules have been demonstrated to influence survival, differentiation and plasticity of new and residual stem cells (Chilton, 2006;Tayalia and Mooney, 2009;Moshayedi et al, 2016;Rodriguez et al, 2018;Bruggeman et al, 2018). However, even under optimal conditions, differentiations result in heterogeneous populations inclusive of proliferating progenitors, immature and mature neurons of the desired phenotype, as well as off-target populations.…”