Dynamic Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Porcine Circovirus Type 3-Infected Piglets

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a novel porcine circovirus species associated with several diseases such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, cardiac pathologies, and multisystemic inflammation in piglets and sows. Currently, many studies have focused on the interaction between microbiota composition and disease progression. However, dynamic changes in the composition of the gut microbiota following PCV3 infection are still unknown. In this study, alterations in gut microbiota in PCV3-inoculated and sham-inoculated piglets were analyzed at various time points [7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi)] using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Using principal coordinate analysis, obvious structural segregations were observed in bacterial diversity and richness between PCV3-and sham-inoculated piglets, as well as at the four different time points. The abundance of gut microbiota exhibited a remarkable time-related decrease in Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in PCV3-inoculated piglets. In addition, significant differences were observed in functional classification based on cluster of orthologous groups assignment, between PCV3-and sham-inoculated piglets. Our findings demonstrated that PCV3 infection caused dynamic changes in the gut microbiota community. Therefore, regulating gut microbiota community may be an effective approach for preventing PCV3 infection.

Procoagulant and Antimicrobial Effects of Chitosan in Wound Healing

“…In addition, microbial populations varied between the two dressing treatments at both 1 and 6 d post-surgery. The PLS-DA results confirm the results from heat-map analysis that alterations in the bacterial community with regular gauze-dressing treatment were more significant than those with chitosan-dressing treatment [41,42]. An infection occurs when virulence factors expressed by microorganisms in a wound overtake the natural immune system of the host, thus initiating their invasion and dissemination, resulting in a series of local and systemic responses [33].…”

High-Fructose Diet Increases Inflammatory Cytokines and Alters Gut Microbiota Composition in Rats

“…Increased abundances of Lachnospira, Parasutterella, and Blantia in colonic contents were detected, while Lachnospira, an acetateproducing bacteria, was related to increasing blood glucose levels [36], and Parasutterella, known as the saccharolytic strain, was increased by carbohydrate consumption with a potential role on bile acid maintenance and intestinal mucosal homeostasis [37,38]. Blantia had positive antiinflammatory effects and had the ability to produce SCFAs [39]. While high-fructose diet altered the abundance of certain taxa, both overall alpha diversity (Observed_species and Shannon index) and beta diversity of colonic content samples among the four groups were not significantly different in this study (data not shown).…”

Recent Progress on Epidemiology and Pathobiology of Porcine Circovirus 3

“…Moreover, mucosal epithelial cells and lymphocytes of the PCV3-infected group were partially necrotic, with a large number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and a small number of plasma cells infiltrated [72]. PCV3 antigen-positive cells were also detected in the small intestine of a PCV3-infected piglet [72].…”

“…The histopathological features of pigs with intestinal symptoms include atrophic villi and crypt, and changes in gut microbiota [71,72]. Zhang et al found that 27.28% and 14.29% of PCV3-positive suckling and weaned piglets were associated with diarrhea, respectively [71].…”

“…The villi of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum atrophied moderately to severely, and the average height of villi and depth of crypt decreased significantly [71]. Hou and his colleagues evaluated the dynamic composition of gut microbiota following PCV3 infection and found that diversity and richness of gut bacteria in the PCV3-infected group were different from those of the mock group, with an obvious decrease of Clostrid-ium_sensu_stricto_1 and significant difference of functional bacteria in PCV3-infected pigs compared with that of the mock-infected pigs [72]. Moreover, mucosal epithelial cells and lymphocytes of the PCV3-infected group were partially necrotic, with a large number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and a small number of plasma cells infiltrated [72].…”