Dwarfism and differential mortality in Habrobracon

Grosch, Daniel S.

doi:10.1002/jez.1401070207

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…K. tentacularis lays mostly unfertilised haploid male eggs before starting to lay fertilised, female eggs (Raja et al 2008a). Given that the first egg laid (in an ovule that later becomes doubly occupied) might have a competitive advantage, this could favour male offspring, even though oviposition is generally completed within a few hours, especially as haploids may be more resistant to starvation (Grosch 1948). Double oviposition might therefore marginally favour male over female offspring, but it is so infrequent in K. tentacularis that inter-sexual competition can only have a minimal impact on realized sex ratios in this species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…If double oviposition into galled ovules does take place then there is clearly intense competition between developing larvae, because only a single adult wasp ever emerges from each gall (Weiblen 2002). Any differences in competitive ability between the sexes (Grosch 1948;House et al 2010) will then result in adult (realised) sex ratios being unrepresentative of primary sex ratios-those of the eggs that are laid. Figs also often contain large numbers of empty galled ovules ('bladders') that produce no fig wasps (Galil and Eisikowitch 1971).…”

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confidence: 95%

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Factors Influencing Realized Sex Ratios in Fig Wasps: Double Oviposition and Larval Mortalities

2011

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Pollinator fig wasps (Agaonidae) are a model system for studies of sex ratio evolution. They lay their eggs in galled ovules within figs. Only one adult emerges from each gall, suggesting that only one egg is always laid per ovule, but if double oviposition occurs then the assumption that adult (realised) sex ratios of fig wasps are representative of primary sex ratios may be violated. Many galls also fail to produce any wasps. If they initially contained eggs then differential mortality rates may also modify realized sex ratios. We investigated whether Kradibia (= Liporrhopalum) tentacularis foundresses in Ficus montana figs avoid laying in ovules that already contain eggs. Comparisons of oviposition frequencies and wasp emergence frequencies showed that most galls that failed to produce wasps will have had eggs laid in them, but few occupied ovules contained two eggs. Realised sex ratios therefore do not necessarily reflect primary sex ratios in this species, but double oviposition is not responsible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 95%

Factors Influencing Realized Sex Ratios in Fig Wasps: Double Oviposition and Larval Mortalities

2011

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“…The adaptive significance of sex distribution at emergence of gregarious parasites has been analyzed as a function of two possible selection pressures (HAMILTON 1967;CHAR-NOV et al 1981). Some evolutionist models suggest that the optimal sex ratio from one female would be affected by the level of local mate competition (HAMILTON 1967;TAYLOR and BULMER 1980;TAYLOR 1981). This theory is based on the fact that since mating occurs at the site of emergence of the parasites and that one male can mate with several females, U.S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive strategy of Dinarmus vagabundus Timb. (Hym., Pteromalidae): real sex ratio, sequence of emitting diploid and haploid eggs and effects of inbreeding on progeny

Rojas‐Rousse

Eslami

Périquet

1988

J Applied Entomology

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One ovipositing adult female D. vagabundus will give rise to three females and one male on the average. In order to test the hypothesis of the preferential death of one sex, we experimentally determined if the sex ratio at ovipositing was the same as that of the emerging adults. Newborn larvae were used after first determining that their number was the same as that of the eggs deposited. When six larvae were transferred to a paralyzed host, there was no selective elimination of larvae by competition between sexes, since all developed up to the adult stage. The sex ratio observed at emergence of the adults was thus the same as that at ovipositing. The emission sequence of haploid and diploid eggs showed that the majority of the first eggs oviposited are fertilized, the haploid eggs being emitted last. Mating between genetically close D. vagabundus parents occurs with 60 to 89 % of the females. The productivity of females after six generations of sibling crosses was unaffected and there was no significant change in the sex ratio of the progeny. Résumé Stratégie reproductive chez Dinarmus vagabundus Timb. (Hym.; Pteromalidae): taux‐sexuel réel, sequence de ponte des oeufs diploïdes et haploïdes et effets de la consanguinité sur la descendance Chez D. vagabundus en présence d'une seule femelle pondeuse, il émerge en moyenne 3 filles pour 1 fils. Pour tester la validité d'une mort préférentielle d'un sexe sur l'autre, nous avons expérimentalement analysé si le rapport des sexes à la ponte correspondait à celui des adultes émergés. Nous avons expérimenté avec des larves néonates estimant que leur effectif correspondait à celui des oeufs pondus. Quand six larves néonates sont transférées sur un hôte paralysé, il n'y a pas une élimination sélective des larves par compétition entre sexes puisque toutes se développent jusqu'au stade adulte. Le taux sexuel observé à l'émergence des adultes correspond au taux sexuel à la ponte. L'observation de la séquence de ponte des oeufs haploïdes et diploïdes montre que les premiers oeufs pondus sont dans la majorité des cas fécondés; l'oeuf haploïde étant pondu en dernière position. Chez D. vagabundus, les accouplements entre parents génétiquement proches affectent de 60 à 89 % des femelles. Examinée sur 6 générations, la productivité de ces femelles n'en est pas affectée et il n'y a pas de variation significative du taux sexuel. Zusammenfassung Zur Reproduktionsstrategie von Dinarmus vagabundus Timb. (Hym., Pteromalidae): reales Geschlechterverhältnis, Reihenfolge der Ablage diploider und haploider Eier und Wirkungen von Inzucht auf die Nachkommen Aus der Eiablage eines Weibchens von D. vagabundus gehen Nachkommen mit einem Geschlechterverhältnis von i.M. 3:1 zugunsten der Weibchen hervor. Zwecks Untersuchung der Hypothese über den vorzugsweisen Tod eines Geschlechts wurde experimentell geprüft, ob das Geschlechterverhältnis zur Eiablage mit jenem der Nachkommen‐Adulten übereinstimmt. Die Zahl frischgeschlüpfter Larven erwies sich als gleich mit jener der abgelegten Eier. Wen...

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“…This leads to the production of variously sized toryrnid/pteromalid larvae. The size of the adults depends directly upon the size of the larvae, which itself is determined by the size of the cells of the larvae (Grosch 1948). This trophic factor, therefore, has a direct bearing upon the unisexual variations and unisexual polymorphism met with in the populations of certain species of torymid and pteromalid fig wasps.…”

Section: Biological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genieys (1925) showed in the case of H abrobracon breoicornis that partial larval starvation is less unfavourable to the male sex than to the female sex. According to Grosch (1948), it is haploidy rather than masculinity that enables animals to survive better under conditions of partial larval starvation. The female larvae which suffered from starvation would be eliminated while the males survive as dwarf individuals.…”

Section: Biological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosystematics of fig wasps (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera)

Joseph

Abdurahiman

1987

Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.)

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The lig wasps form a heterogenous group of rnicrohymenoptcrans showing convergent evolution in response to adaptations for life in their unique habitat-the interior of the syconia of the different Ficus species. Sexual dimorphism is very common among the various tribes of the chalcidoid families constituting the fig wasps. This is in response to the different types of functions that the female and the male sexes are called upon to perform in their specialized habitat. The unisexual variations commonly met with in the male sex and rarely in the female sex, in the cleptoparasitic tribes belonging to the Torymidae and the f'lerolllalidae may be attributed to competitive feeding on a limited provision of food-a trophic factor. In the homcornorphic sexes of the subfamily Epichrysomallinae (f'terolllaliilaej copulation takes place outside on the top of the syconia. The importance of making observations on the biology including mating behaviour of the dimorphic (apterous and alate) males in the subfamily Svcophaqinue (TorYlllidae) for the proper study of the systematics of this group is stressed. The true fig wasps which are the fig pollinatnrs (Ayaollida(') are generally highly host specific. i.e. only one species of these pollinators is associated with a given species of FinIS. The Ficus species and its wasp pollinator arc in intimate symbiotic relationship. There has been eo-evolution of the Ficus species with its specific wasp pollinator, The females of these pollinator wasps often possess pollen storing structures as well as the behavioural attributes for the active collection of pollen from the stamens of the ripe fig and for the active dispersal of pollen on to the stigmas of the ovaries of flowers of tender figs into which these females penetrate for oviposition.The ecological niche of the Ficus syconia is virtually identical to that of many plant galls and as such attract many species of gall-inhabiting clIrytomirwe (Family Eurytomidae). Such Eurytominae include a variety of genera, with numerous species both of phytophagous and entomophagous habits.The modern systematics of the fig wasps is based on the above aspects of their functional morphology. biology, convergent evolution, sex-limited variations. sex-limited dimorphism. host specificity, behavioural attributes. etc. A conspectus of the modern classification of the fig Chalcidoidea is presented.

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Dwarfism and differential mortality in Habrobracon

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Factors Influencing Realized Sex Ratios in Fig Wasps: Double Oviposition and Larval Mortalities

Factors Influencing Realized Sex Ratios in Fig Wasps: Double Oviposition and Larval Mortalities

Reproductive strategy of Dinarmus vagabundus Timb. (Hym., Pteromalidae): real sex ratio, sequence of emitting diploid and haploid eggs and effects of inbreeding on progeny

Biosystematics of fig wasps (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera)

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