Duvernoy's gland secretion of Philodryas patagoniensis from the northeast of Argentina: its effects on blood coagulation

Maintaining rear-fanged snakes for venom production: an evaluation of mortality and survival rates for Philodryas olfersii and P. patagoniensis in captivity

“…Furthermore, there is at least one report of death caused by a rear-fanged snake, Philodryas olfersii in southern Brazil (3). As a result, the biological activity and biochemical characterization of venom from these animals has received more attention in this decade (4)(5)(6)(7). However, unlike venomous snakes, secretion from the venom gland of rear-fanged snakes is difficult to obtain in suitable quantities, so some species have started being kept in captivity at Butantan Institute Herpetology Laboratory (LHIB) with the aim of producing venom from periodical extractions.…”

Venoms of Rear-Fanged Snakes: New Proteins and Novel Activities

“…SVMP-dominated venoms are found in RFS species such as A. prasina (Modahl et al, 2018a), B. portoricensis (Weldon and Mackessy, 2012;Modahl et al, 2018a), D. typus (Kamiguti et al, 2000;Pla et al, 2017b), Hydrodynastes gigas (Hill and Mackessy, 2000), Hypsiglena torquata (McGivern et al, 2014), Phalotris mertensi (Campos et al, 2016), Pseudoboa neuwiedii (Torres-Bonilla et al, 2018), Thamnodynastes strigatus (Ching et al, 2012), Thamnophis sirtalis (Perry et al, 2018), and several Philodryas species (Ching et al, 2006;Peichoto et al, 2012;Urra et al, 2015) (Figure 2B). Potent SVMPs are observed in the venoms of snakes from the genus Philodryas (Assakura et al, 1994;Rocha et al, 2006;Sánchez et al, 2014), and venoms from these species in particular have been commonly reported to induced hemorrhage, myonecrosis and edema (Peichoto et al, 2005;Nery et al, 2014;Sánchez et al, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2017). The proteolytic activity of Philodryas venoms is inhibited by metal chelators (Assakura et al, 1992;Acosta et al, 2003;Peichoto et al, 2005Peichoto et al, , 2012Rocha and Furtado, 2007), suggesting that SVMPs are resulting in these clinical snakebite symptomologies; in some species, serine proteinases may also be involved (Assakura et al, 1994;Peichoto et al, 2005;Ching et al, 2006).…”

“…Potent SVMPs are observed in the venoms of snakes from the genus Philodryas (Assakura et al, 1994;Rocha et al, 2006;Sánchez et al, 2014), and venoms from these species in particular have been commonly reported to induced hemorrhage, myonecrosis and edema (Peichoto et al, 2005;Nery et al, 2014;Sánchez et al, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2017). The proteolytic activity of Philodryas venoms is inhibited by metal chelators (Assakura et al, 1992;Acosta et al, 2003;Peichoto et al, 2005Peichoto et al, , 2012Rocha and Furtado, 2007), suggesting that SVMPs are resulting in these clinical snakebite symptomologies; in some species, serine proteinases may also be involved (Assakura et al, 1994;Peichoto et al, 2005;Ching et al, 2006). In comparison to venom from the pit viper species FIGURE 2 | Reduced SDS-PAGE protein profiles for various rear-fanged snake venoms.…”

“…Serine proteinases dominate many viper venoms (Mackessy, 2010b) and are responsible for both promoting and inhibiting blood coagulation, via activation of coagulation factors to induction of platelet aggregation or direct action on fibrinogen (Braud et al, 2000). In RFS venoms, serine proteinases have been identified in the venoms of P. olfersii (Assakura et al, 1994;Ching et al, 2006), P. patagoniensis (Peichoto et al, 2005), and P. mertensi (Campos et al, 2016), but overall these enzymes appear to be uncommon in this group of snakes. Phospholipase A 2 s (type IA) are also uncommon in RFS venoms, but for some species, such as T. biscutatus lambda, PLA 2 enzymatic activity is detectable from crude venom and a PLA 2 has even been purified from this venom (Hill and Mackessy, 2000;Huang and Mackessy, 2004).…”

Terrestrial Snakes (Suborder: Serpentes)

“…[360][361][362] Symptoms usually resolve within 24 -72 hours without necrosis. 368 In a series of envenomation by the brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) seen in an Emergency Department in Guam, all bites were associated with localized pain, discoloration, and edema. Case reports indicate that prolonged contact (1 -5 minutes) with large wandering garter snakes ( Thamnophis elegans subsp.…”