Dust generation mechanisms under powerful plasma impacts to the tungsten surfaces in ITER ELM simulation experiments

Experimental simulation of materials degradation of plasma-facing components using lasers

“…Moreover, the pressure gradient above the exposed surface from the evaporated material can cause this as well. At a similar range of energy density, the melting and vapour shielding has also been observed both with plasma and H ion beam irradiation [6,7,19,20,21]. It has been reported that during ion beam surface modification of W under the melting threshold heat load can lead to ductile-to-brittle transition and to the formation of surface cracks, which produced large dust particles of up to 30 µm [21].…”

“…On the other hand, the ductile-to-brittle transition effect of tungsten produces cracks, which could also be responsible for the generation of particles. As in [21], the heat load above the cracking threshold was applied and concluded that ejected particles from the surface is due to crack development and major crack bifurcation.…”

Cracking and damage behavior of tungsten under ELM’s like energy loads using millisecond laser pulses

“…threshold, cyclic heat loading causes thermal fatigue in PFMs which lead to surface roughening and cracking. Irradiation of W with quasi-stationary plasma accelerator have demonstrated that DTBT of W even with energy load below melting threshold also a major drawback of W, which could produce large macroscopic particles as well as small dust particles [9].…”

Powder modification under influence of heat, electric field and particle irradiation

“…Features and mechanisms of dust production were considered in papers [1][2][3], dust migration and influence of dust on the performance of fusion devices were analyzed in papers [2,4,5], dust levitation and behavior in plasma were the subject of paper [6].…”