Dust effect on photovoltaic utilization in Iraq: Review article

Kazem, Ali A.; Chaichan, Miqdam T.; Kazem, Hussein A.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.073

Cited by 133 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…With such outstanding resources Iraq should be the farthest from need especially when it comes to electricity, however due to political issues and the many wars Iraq went through during the last three decades a number of problems continued to last and no correct solution have been made to fix these problems [1]. One resource that Iraq has not taken advantage of is the sun.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel system for Al-Sadder City in Baghdad-Iraq

Al‐Waeli¹,

Al-Waeli²

2016

IJOCAAS

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Abstract-The country of Iraq has been struggling for the past couple of decades with electricity problems like inability to supply the demand which leads to continuous power outages. This problem could be dangerous on many levels and especially in critical applications where uninterruptable power supply is necessary like hospitals and military bases. The only solution presented is the use of electrical generators. Even though electrical generators are a reliable sources of energy, they seem to have many disadvantages like their reliability on fossil fuel (diesel in particular) and the Green House Gas (GHG) emissions which causes many health issues especially in populated areas where there are to designated areas to place these electrical generators. This health and safety hazard that costs a lot of money and gives little amount of electricity is not a cost-effective solution on the long term; where more maintenance and replacement is required. This paper presents a cost-effective solution by using a hybrid photovoltaic-diesel generator system, which can be used by the civilians and the government to lower the electricity demand and reduce GHG emissions. A hybrid system is proposed for Al-Sadder city to meet the electrical demands with initial costs, net present costs and energy costs are 39 M$, 1.11 M$ and 0.526 $/kWh, respectively. These costs show great promise in this research area and perhaps more developed microsystems in the future could be the real solution to Iraq's electricity problems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel system for Al-Sadder City in Baghdad-Iraq

Al‐Waeli¹,

Al-Waeli²

2016

IJOCAAS

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“…Recent studies have discussed the impact of dust on PV performance and the linear relationship between the thickness of the layer of dust and the loss of productivity (Klugmann-Radziemska, 2015). Another study showed that dust storms can fracture the PV panel, which reduces its life span and had high impacts on how effective the PV surfaces are in collecting energy (Kazem et al, 2014). Regular manual or mechanical cleaning is highly recommended to remove fine dust, pollution, and sand particles, increasing the life span of the PV system and reducing the gradual decrease of its efficiency (Klugmann-Radziemska, 2015).…”

Section: Retrofitting Barriers and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roof top PV retrofitting: A rehabilitation assessment towards nearly zero energy buildings in remote off-grid vernacular settlements in Egypt

Dabaieh

Makhlouf

Hosny³

2016

Solar Energy

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Vernacular buildings in Egypt express a variety of passive low-tech approaches in design and construction to achieve human comfort and fulfil inhabitants' requirements. They have been devised to suit living in regions where local inhabitants had to invent various passive building strategies to live under severe local climatic conditions without depending on fossil fuels. This paper discusses a retrofitting approach for off-grid vernacular buildings in the Western Desert of Egypt. The study hypothesis argues that, when retrofitted and equipped with renewable energy solutions, vernacular structures can act as nearly zero energy buildings. A post occupancy evaluation was used as an assessment tool for two pilot projects that served as case studies. Results showed that combining vernacular passive strategies with affordable active renewables such as roof top solar panels results in a hybrid energy efficient retrofitting solution for deprived off-grid vernacular buildings. The intention is for the results to act as a basis for future retrofitting that would take into account the challenges and obstacles inherent in such work. This is an aim capable of contributing to a reduction of energy consumption that would also encourage retrofitting using renewable solutions for existing housing stock in Egypt.

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“…2. Overflows return off, weak handling procedures that occur over a brief time however the quantity and so the high concentration of milk or product lost is to boot a large increase among the pollution load [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] 3. Improvement and technique losses throughout operation of plant and instrumentality include the deliberate discharge of unwanted materials like whey, and diluted product [23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: B Losses Varietiesmentioning

confidence: 99%