Durian Shell-Mediated Simple Green Synthesis of Nanocopper against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Abstract

The synthesis of fungicides in eco-friendly and costeffective ways is significantly essential for agriculture. Plant pathogenic fungi cause many ecological and economic issues worldwide, which must be treated with effective fungicides. Here, this study proposes the biosynthesis of fungicides, which combines copper and Cu 2 O nanoparticles (Cu/Cu 2 O) synthesized using durian shell (DS) extract as a reducing agent in aqueous media. Sugar and polyphenol compounds contained in DS, as the main phytochemicals acting in the reduction procedure, were extracted under different temperatures and duration conditions to obtain the highest yields. We confirmed the extraction process performed at 70 °C for 60 min to be the most effective in extracting sugar (6.1 g/L) and polyphenols (22.7 mg/L). We determined the suitable conditions for Cu/Cu 2 O synthesis using a DS extract as a reducing agent for a synthesis time of 90 min, a volume ratio of DR extract/Cu 2+ of 15:35, an initial pH solution of 10, a synthesis temperature of 70 °C, and a CuSO 4 concentration of 10 mM. The characterization results of as-prepared Cu/Cu 2 O NP showed a highly crystalline structure of Cu 2 O and Cu with sizes estimated in the range of 40−25 nm and 25−30 nm, respectively. Through in vitro experiments, the antifungal efficacy of Cu/Cu 2 O against Corynespora cassiicola and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum was investigated by the inhibition zone. The green-synthesized Cu/Cu 2 O nanocomposites, which are potential antifungals against plant pathogens, exhibited excellent antifungal efficacy against both Corynespora cassiicola (MIC = 0.25 g/L, the diameter of the inhibition zone was 22.00 ± 0.52 mm) and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (MIC = 0.0625 g/L, the diameter of the inhibition zone was 18.00 ± 0.58 mm). Cu/Cu 2 O nanocomosites prepared in this study could be a valuable suggestion for the control of plant pathogenic fungi affecting crop species globally.

Antifungal activity of Fe3O4@SiO2/Schiff-base/Cu(II) magnetic nanoparticles against pathogenic Candida species

“…Although the antifungal activities of different Cu-NPs have been studied, the precise mechanism of action for NPs is not yet recognized. Based on previous reports, the cell wall of fungi can be destroyed through protein denaturation by confronting Cu-NPs, which occurs through interaction www.nature.com/scientificreports/ between the surface of fungi covered with carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups in the peptidoglycan layer and Cu-NPs 46 . Having been penetrated to the cell wall by endocytosis, the Cu-NPs damage the cell membrane leading to decreasing the electrochemical potential and destroying the integrity, subsequently 46 .…”

“…Based on previous reports, the cell wall of fungi can be destroyed through protein denaturation by confronting Cu-NPs, which occurs through interaction www.nature.com/scientificreports/ between the surface of fungi covered with carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups in the peptidoglycan layer and Cu-NPs 46 . Having been penetrated to the cell wall by endocytosis, the Cu-NPs damage the cell membrane leading to decreasing the electrochemical potential and destroying the integrity, subsequently 46 . Releasing the Cu ions in fungi cells is followed by the generation of ROS.…”

Plant-Associated Neoscytalidium dimidiatum—Taxonomy, Host Range, Epidemiology, Virulence, and Management Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

“…Duong et al [219] evaluated the antifungal efficacy of green-synthesized Cu/Cu 2 O nanocomposites against N. dimidiatum using in vitro assays. These nanocomposites exhibited significant antifungal potency against N. dimidiatum, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0625 g/L and a measured inhibition zone diameter of 18.00 ± 0.58 mm.…”