Durham Cathedral tower vibrations during bell-ringing

Wilson, J.M.; Selby, A. R.

doi:10.1680/eac.16842.0006

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Muller [12], Steiner [16] and Schutz [14] focus on Central European mounting system which is also considered in the German DIN standard [1]. We can find similar studies concerning the Spanish system [2,3] and the English system [6,7]. Ivorra et.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Analysis of transitions between different ringing schemes of the church bell

Brzeski

Kapitaniak

Perlikowski

2015

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Analysis of transitions between different ringing schemes of the church bell

Brzeski

Kapitaniak

Perlikowski

2015

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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“…The fact that the damping coefficient is so low usually causes a high dynamic amplification factor when the excitation frequencies from the turning/oscillation of the bells come close to one of the tower's natural frequencies. (2007) 1800-5000 DIN 4178 (DIN, 2005) 3000-7000 Gentile and Saisi (2007) 1718- 1772Julio et al (2008 4800 Schmidt (2007) 1000 Wilson and Selby (1993) 1425 (2007) 2 . 0 0 .…”

Section: Global Dynamic Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the masonry towers containing bells that follow the English system, besides the above-mentioned study by Lewis, also important are those by Clouston (1970), who investigated the effects of bells that turned through 3608, and also those by Wilson and Selby, who installed measuring equipment and studied many towers in their work on the effects of the dynamic forces generated by the ringing of bells (Wilson and Selby, 1993;Selby and Wilson, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masonry bell towers: dynamic considerations

Ivorra

Pallarés

Adam

2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures

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The building of masonry bell towers was customary in Europe until the beginning of the twentieth century. At the present time, most of the work carried out on these structures involves either conservation or rehabilitation, owing to their considerable historical value. One of the forces that can have an influence on the behaviour of a bell tower is that caused by the turning/oscillation of the bells themselves. This is a dynamic force and may interact with the tower's natural frequencies. This paper describes the effect of bell-ringing on masonry towers. The towers are classified and a series of data are offered to characterise their behaviour. Finally, a procedure is described that permits an assessment to be made of this type of structure.

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“…Durham Cathedral tower displayed movement due to bell ringing and was ideal for the authors to measure for several reasons. First, there were ten bells in a frame 60 m above the foundation level [6], and such a large mass swinging at such a height produced measurable tower displacements on the order of 0.43 mm. The frame was constructed from structural steel fixed into the masonry of the tower, which was the most effective frame arrangement to minimise tower vibrations according to [2], and the MEMS sensors coupled with a low-frequency accelerometer for displacement monitoring could validate the effectiveness of this arrangement in terms of minimising vibrations.…”

Section: Durham Cathedralmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bells are hung in either a N-S or an E-W orientation and the mass of the largest bell is 1425 kg. The maximum horizontal and vertical forces produced by the bells when rung individually using the procedure described in [5] are available in [6]. The velocities in the N-S and E-W directions were measured using high-sensitivity low-frequency geophones (velocity transducers) with a pen trace, and the maximum velocity recorded was 3.5 mm/s at the ringing chamber whilst ringing rounds one to ten.…”

Section: Durham Cathedralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Star Type Wireless Sensor Network for Future Distributed Structural Health Monitoring Applications

2019

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A star type wireless sensor network based on nine-axis micro-electromechanical inertial motion sensors with the potential to include up to 254 sensor nodes is presented, and an investigation into the mechanical and structural effects of bell ringing on bell towers is presented as a possible application. This low-power and low-cost system facilitates the continual monitoring of mechanical forces exerted by swinging bells on their support and thus helps avoid structural degradation and damage. Each sensor measures bell rotation, and a novel method utilising only the instantaneous rotational angle is implemented to calculate the force caused by bell ringing. In addition, a commonly used, however, previously experimentally unconfirmed assumption that allows great simplification of force calculations was also proven to be valid by correlating predicted theoretical values with measurement data. Forces produced by ringing a 1425 kg bell in Durham Cathedral were characterised and found to agree with literature. The sensor network will form the basis of a toolkit that provides a scalable turnkey method to determine the exact mechanisms that cause excessive vibration in mechanical and architectural structures, and has the potential to find further applications in low-frequency distributed structural health monitoring.

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Durham Cathedral tower vibrations during bell-ringing

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis of transitions between different ringing schemes of the church bell

Analysis of transitions between different ringing schemes of the church bell

Masonry bell towers: dynamic considerations

Star Type Wireless Sensor Network for Future Distributed Structural Health Monitoring Applications

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