Durable high-entropy non-noble metal anodes for neutral seawater electrolysis

Future prospects of high-entropy alloys as next-generation industrial electrode materials

“…Electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, TEM, and high-angle annular dark-field STEM (HAADF-STEM) are commonly used to reveal the surface morphology, particle size, distribution, and exposed surface area of HEA materials. 234,239 Atomic-scale HAADF-STEM and corresponding fast Fourier transform analysis can also help in identifying lattice planes and further refine the crystal structure of HEAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is another tool that can be used to estimate the chemical composition of HEAs.…”

“…X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is another tool that can be used to estimate the chemical composition of HEAs. 40,239 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods were used to determine the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of porous HEAs. XRD analysis determines the phase composition of HEAs from the peak position and intensity.…”

“… 64 A rational configuration of the HEA electrocatalyst can adjust the adsorption energy of intermediate species to enhance the reaction rate. 239 Low-electronegativity Mn and high-electronegativity Cu were combined with base metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) to form FeCoNiCuMn HEA NPs, which resulted in strong local electron interactions owing to the difference in electronegativity values. The theoretical interpretation is that the inactive Cu moves to the electron-rich active sites, resulting in lower adsorption energies of reactants, intermediates, and products, which increase the HER and OER activities of the HEA.…”