Durable Antibody Responses in Staff at Two Long-Term Care Facilities, during and Post SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks

Gallichotte, Emily N.; Nehring, Mary; Young, Michael C.; Pugh, Sierra; Sexton, Nicole R.; Fitzmeyer, Emily; Quicke, Kendra M.; Richardson, Megan; Pabilonia, Kristy L.; Ehrhart, Nicole; Fosdick, Bailey K.; VandeWoude, Sue; Ebel, Gregory D.

doi:10.1128/spectrum.00224-21

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…1a ). Based on prior surveillance testing and antibody analyses ( 8 ), we stratified individuals based on their December 2020 immune status as either seropositive (immune), seronegative (naive), or unknown. On average, immune individuals had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than those that were seronegative ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A standard plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was performed as previously described ( 8 ). Briefly, diluted serum samples were mixed with virus, incubated for 1 h at 37°C, added to a Vero cell monolayer, incubated for an additional hour at 37°C, and then overlaid with tragacanth medium and incubated for 2 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the high numbers of cases in LTCFs prior to vaccines and other preventative measures, many staff and residents became infected during 2020 and 2021, with some facilities reporting infection and seroprevalence rates as high as 40% ( 8 – 11 ). Therefore, there were two immunologically distinct populations of individuals receiving vaccines: those that were naive, with no evidence of a prior infection (seronegative), and those with preexisting immunity, having either a documented prior infection or serological evidence of prior infection (seropositive).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Staff at a local long-term care facility (LTCF), in parallel with their weekly SARS-CoV-2 nasal surveillance quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) testing, provided blood samples for antibody analyses ( 8 ). This facility experienced a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in September 2020 prior to vaccine availability, resulting in infection and seroconversion of almost 35% of the staff members ( 8 ). In January 2021, a Pfizer vaccine clinic was provided at their workplace, with the second dose provided 3 weeks later in early February.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As of 30 January 2022, 96% of staff and 97% of residents at this facility were fully vaccinated, slightly higher than Colorado statewide averages (92% of staff and 93% of residents, respectively) ( 2 ). We collected and analyzed sera from staff at this facility from August to December 2020 ( 8 ). We found that during an outbreak at the facility, many staff (~30%) became infected and subsequently seroconverted, generating neutralizing, spike-binding, and RBD-binding antibodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Impact of Prior Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Long-Term Care Facility Staff

Gallichotte

Nehring

Stromberg

et al. 2022

mSphere

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Impact of Prior Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Long-Term Care Facility Staff

Gallichotte

Nehring

Stromberg

et al. 2022

mSphere

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Neutralizing Antibody Responses Among Residents and Staff of Long-Term Care Facilities in the State of New Jersey During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Friedman

Thomas

et al. 2022

J Community Health

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Expanding a previous study of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 New Jersey long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during the first wave of the pandemic, this study characterized the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response to infection and vaccination among residents and staff. Sera from the original study were tested using the semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent cPass neutralization-antibody detection assay. Almost all residents (97.8%) and staff (98.1%) who were positive for IgG S antibody to the spike protein were positive for NAb. In non-vaccinated subjects with a history of infection (positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen test), the distribution of mean intervals from infection to serology date was not significantly different for S antibody positives versus negatives. More than 80% of both were positive at 10 months. Similarly, the mean NAb titer for residents and staff was not associated with interval from PCR/antigen positive to serology date, F = 0.1.01, Pr > F = 0.4269 and F = 0.77, Pr > F = 0.6548 respectively. Titers remained high as the interval reached 10 months. In vaccinees who had no history of infection, the NAb titer was near the test maximum when the serum was drawn seven or more days after the second vaccine dose. In staff the mean NAb titer increased significantly as the vaccine number increased from one to two doses, F = 11.69, Pr > F < 0.0001. NAb titers to SARS-CoV-2 in residents and staff of LTCFs were consistently high 10 months after infection and after two doses of vaccine. Ongoing study is needed to determine whether this antibody provides protection as the virus continues to mutate.

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SARS-CoV-2 entry into and evolution within a skilled nursing facility

Sexton

Cline

Gallichotte

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family Coronaviridae which includes multiple human pathogens that have an outsized impact on aging populations. As a novel human pathogen, SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing continuous adaptation to this new host species and there is evidence of this throughout the scientific and public literature. However, most investigations of SARS-CoV-2 evolution have focused on large-scale collections of data across diverse populations and/or living environments. Here we investigate SARS-CoV-2 evolution in epidemiologically linked individuals within a single outbreak at a skilled nursing facility beginning with initial introduction of the pathogen. The data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the facility multiple times without establishing an interfacility transmission chain, followed by a single introduction that infected many individuals within a week. This large-scale introduction by a single genotype then persisted in the facility. SARS-CoV-2 sequences were investigated at both the consensus and intra-host variation levels. Understanding the variability in SARS-CoV-2 during transmission chains will assist in understanding the spread of this disease and can ultimately inform best practices for mitigation strategies.

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Durable Antibody Responses in Staff at Two Long-Term Care Facilities, during and Post SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks

Abstract: Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 due to their communal nature and high-risk profile of residents. LTCF staff have the ability to introduce SARS-CoV-2 into the facility, where it can spread, causing outbreaks.

Cited by 8 publications

References 76 publications

Impact of Prior Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Long-Term Care Facility Staff

Impact of Prior Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Long-Term Care Facility Staff

Neutralizing Antibody Responses Among Residents and Staff of Long-Term Care Facilities in the State of New Jersey During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

SARS-CoV-2 entry into and evolution within a skilled nursing facility

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