Durability test methods and their application to AAMs: case of sulfuric-acid resistance

Aliques-Granero, Josep; Tognonvi, Monique Tohoué; Tagnit-Hamou, Arezki

doi:10.1617/s11527-016-0904-7

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The damage was evident due to the removal of GP paste and the exposure of aggregates which was likely due to the dissolution of the GP paste caused by the acid attack. Cracks around the edge of GP4 were also observed which appear to indicate expansion and are similar to those observed by Aliques-Granero et al [111] in alkali activated slag mortars. These cracks are likely due to the formation of gypsum which was identified by XRD, TGA, FTIR and EDX analysis.…”

Section: Effect Of Increasing Slag Contentsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Aiken

Kwasny

Sha

et al. 2018

Cement and Concrete Research

226

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Geopolymer (GP) binders are an appealing alternative to Portland cement (PC) binders as they have the potential to reduce the CO 2 emissions associated with the cement and concrete industry. However, their durability in aggressive environments needs thorough examination if they are to become a viable alternative to traditional Portland cement (PC) materials. This study investigated the effect of increasing slag content and activator dosage on the sulfuric acid resistance of fly ash GP binders. Their performance was also compared with that of neat PC mixes using various physical and microstructural techniques. The results show that increasing the slag content of fly ash GPs decreases porosity, but makes the reaction products more susceptible to sulfuric acid attack. It was also found that increasing the alkaline activator dosage of fly ash GPs has little impact on sulfuric acid resistance. Finally, GP binders displayed superior sulfuric acid resistance than their PC counterparts.

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Section: Effect Of Increasing Slag Contentsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Aiken

Kwasny

Sha

et al. 2018

Cement and Concrete Research

226

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“…Low-calcium alkali-activated materials (geopolymers and mortars/ concretes produced from these) have been repeatedly observed to exhibit high acid resistance [12][13][14][15][16][17][18], making them promising materials for applications in the aforementioned environments, though exceptions from this general trend, i.e. unsatisfactory or ambiguous results of acid resistance tests, have been reported too [12,[19][20][21]. Different parameters of the mix-design have been found to influence the acid resistance of geopolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence or absence of dissolved silicate in the activator solution influences the crystallinity of the reaction products, which can impact the chemical resistance too [12]. Apparently the most important parameter is the CaO content of the binder: During sulfuric acid or sulfate attack, calcium may precipitate as gypsum, thereby causing expansion and damage [14,16,21]; under some circumstances, however, gypsum appears to block pores, inhibiting further corrosion [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfuric acid resistance of one-part alkali-activated mortars

Sturm

Gluth

Jäger

et al. 2018

Cement and Concrete Research

123

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“…14 Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the long-term durability of AAMs, with the underlying degradation mechanisms often founded at the atomic/nanoscale, such as carbonation-induced chemical reactions [15][16][17][18] (from atmospheric and accelerated CO 2 conditions) and sulfate attack of the binder gel. 19,20 Progress is being made to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for chemical degradation of different types of AAMs, with the aim to pinpoint which mix designs are most resistant to different forms of degradation. 16,21,22 However, microcracking remains an outstanding durability and aesthetic issue for silicate-activated slag-based AAMs, and since silicate-activated slag possesses superior setting times, 23 strength development, 23 and permeability 14 compared with other AAMs, having a fundamental scientific understanding of the underlying cause(s) of microcracking is needed together with potential solutions for minimizing/mitigating this issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying-induced atomic structural rearrangements in sodium-based calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate gel and the mitigating effects of ZrO₂ nanoparticles

Yang

Özçelik

Garg

et al. 2018

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Conventional drying of colloidal materials and gels (including cement) can lead to detrimental effects due to the buildup of internal stresses as water evaporates from the nano/microscopic pores. However, for these gel materials the underlying nanoscopic alterations that are, in part, responsible for macroscopically-measured strain values (especially at low relative humidity) remain a topic of open debate in the literature. In this study, sodium-based calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate (C-(N)-A-S-H) gel, the major binding phase of silicate-activated blast furnace slag (one type of low-CO2 cement), is investigated from a drying perspective, since it is known to suffer extensively from drying-induced microcracking. By employing in situ synchrotron X-ray total scattering measurements and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis we show that the significant contributing factor to the strain development in this material at extremely low relative humidity (0%) is the local atomic structural rearrangement of the C-(N)-A-S-H gel, including collapse of interlayer spacing and slight disintegration of the gel. Moreover, analysis of the medium range (1.0-2.2 nm) ordering in the PDF data reveals that the PDF-derived strain values are in much closer agreement (same order of magnitude) with the macroscopically measured strain data, compared to previous results based on reciprocal space X-ray diffraction data. From a mitigation standpoint, we show that small amounts of ZrO2 nanoparticles are able to actively reinforce the structure of silicate-activated slag during drying, preventing atomic level strains from developing. Mechanistically, these nanoparticles induce growth of a silica-rich gel during drying, which, via density functional theory calculations, we show is attributed to the high surface reactivity of tetragonal ZrO2.

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Durability test methods and their application to AAMs: case of sulfuric-acid resistance

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Sulfuric acid resistance of one-part alkali-activated mortars

Drying-induced atomic structural rearrangements in sodium-based calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate gel and the mitigating effects of ZrO₂ nanoparticles

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Durability test methods and their application to AAMs: case of sulfuric-acid resistance

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Effect of slag content and activator dosage on the resistance of fly ash geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Sulfuric acid resistance of one-part alkali-activated mortars

Drying-induced atomic structural rearrangements in sodium-based calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate gel and the mitigating effects of ZrO2 nanoparticles

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Product

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Drying-induced atomic structural rearrangements in sodium-based calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate gel and the mitigating effects of ZrO₂ nanoparticles