“…In addition, PWASs commonly face issues such as sensor cracking, soldering breakage, and a decline in piezoelectric properties with aging [ 15 ]. These concerns have been highlighted through various tests aimed at promoting degradation mechanisms on mounted and free PWASs, including impact loading [ 16 , 17 ], quasi-static and fatigue loading [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], vibration [ 19 , 21 ], pressurization (altitude) [ 19 , 20 ], radiation [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], cryogenic [ 18 , 25 , 26 ], and high-temperature cycling [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 27 ], as well as humidity and submersion in diverse fluids [ 18 , 20 ]. In all these instances, electromechanical impedance (EMI) measurements were the preferred testing method for assessing the performance of PWASs upon accrued damage.…”