Durability of Pultruded GFRP through Ten-Year Outdoor Exposure Test

Nishizaki, Itaru; Sakuraba, Hiroki; Tomiyama, Takeshi

doi:10.3390/polym7121525

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly being used for the repair and rehabilitation of existing structures (Li et al, 2017;Pan et al, 2015). The growing use of FRPs for strengthening and retrofitting can be explained by their specific strength and specific stiffness, good fatigue properties, ease of handling, and primary resistance to corrosion (Nishizaki et al, 2015). Chloride ions are a major cause of corrosion of steel in concrete, which governs the effective life of the structures and their maintenance costs (Chen et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In those applications, the long-term durability of the FRP composites is often one of the major advantages over the conventional materials (Lu et al, 2015;Xian & Karbhari, 2007;Z.K. Wang et al, 2017); durability is a significant consideration, especially because of the requirements of long service life without frequent inspection and maintenance (Nishizaki et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Durability assessment of basalt fiber polymer as reinforcement to expanded clay concrete in harsh environment

Chiadighikaobi¹,

Alaraza

Ibeh

et al. 2021

Cogent Engineering

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Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites are receiving considerable attention as they represent a low-cost green source of raw materials. In most cases, fiber-reinforced polymer composites face harsh environments, such as chloride ions in coastal marine environments or cold regions with salt deicing. The resistance of fiber-reinforced polymers subjected to the above environments is critical for the safe design and application of such composites. This research aims to develop a framework to investigate the durability properties of the lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber polymer reinforced concrete exposed to the NaCl environment. The specified quantity of concrete structural elements was cured in its specified curing solution for 28-day curing period before testing. The main effect of micro silica is to enhance concrete strength and durability. Dispersed basalt fibers with 20 mm length and 1.6 percent volume were added to the concrete mixtures. The concrete beams were reinforced with 2∅10 mm rebars as reinforcement while the concrete cylindrical columns were reinforced with dispersed chopped basalt fiber. The results show that addition of dispersed chopped basalt fiber in the concrete caused an increase in the flexural and compressive strength of the concrete structural elements. Micro silica enhanced the concrete strength even when immersed in NaCl solution. Basalt fiber and micro silica fume utilization enhanced the mechanical properties of the concrete.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durability assessment of basalt fiber polymer as reinforcement to expanded clay concrete in harsh environment

Chiadighikaobi¹,

Alaraza

Ibeh

et al. 2021

Cogent Engineering

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show abstract

“…However, despite their outstanding characteristics, FRPs also have disadvantages, such as low ductility, low shear strength (due to the weak mechanical performance of the resin), vulnerability to extreme temperatures and poor durability when exposed to alkaline conditions, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, freeze/thaw cycles or fluctuating hydrothermal conditions [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Consequently, the use of FRP composites in nonstructural elements, secondary structures, and for rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures is limited, particularly, in situations where there are greater chances of exposure to the regular harsh environmental conditions, as well as to elevated temperatures and fires during structural service life, such as during transportation or storage [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fibers Configuration and Thickness on Tensile Behavior of GFRP Laminates Exposed to Harsh Environment

et al. 2019

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The present study indicates the importance of using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates with appropriate thickness and fibers orientation when exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The effect of different environmental conditions on tensile properties of different GFRP laminates is investigated. Laminates were exposed to three environmental conditions: (1) Freeze/thaw cycles without the presence of moisture, (2) freeze/thaw cycles with the presence of moisture and (3) UV radiation and water vapor condensation cycles. The effect of fiber configuration and laminate thickness were investigated by considering three types of fiber arrangement: (1) Continuous unidirectional, (2) continuous woven and (3) chopped strand mat and two thicknesses (2 and 5 mm). Microstructure and tensile properties of the laminates after exposure to different periods of conditioning (0, 750, 1250 and 2000 h) were studied using SEM and tensile tests. Statistical analyses were used to quantify the obtained results and propose prediction models. The results showed that the condition comprising UV radiation and moisture condition was the most aggressive, while dry freeze/thaw environment was the least. Furthermore, the laminates with chopped strand mat and continuous unidirectional fibers respectively experienced the highest and the lowest reductions properties in all environmental conditions. The maximum reductions in tensile strength for chopped strand mat laminates were about 7%, 32%, and 42% in the dry freeze/thaw, wet freeze/thaw and UV with moisture environments, respectively. The corresponding decreases in the tensile strength for unidirectional laminates were negligible, 17% and 23%, whereas those for the woven laminates were and 7%, 24%, and 34%.

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“…Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly being used for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures [ 1 , 2 ]. The growing use of FRPs for strengthening and retrofitting can be explained by their specific strength and specific stiffness, good fatigue properties, ease of handling, and primarily resistance to corrosion [ 3 ]. Chloride ions are a major cause of corrosion of steel in concrete, which governs the effective life of the structures and their maintenance costs [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In those applications, the long-term durability of the FRP composites is often one of the major advantages over the conventional materials [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]; durability is a significant consideration, especially because of the requirements of long service life without frequent inspection and maintenance [ 3 ]. Unfortunately, the durability of FRP composites is more complex than corrosion of steel reinforcement, because degradation of the material could depend both on the resin matrix and fibers and on their interface bond behavior [ 7 , 8 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Durability of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Sheets and the Epoxy Resin Matrix under a Wet–Dry Cyclic Condition in a Chloride-Containing Environment

Xie

Zhang

et al. 2017

Polymers

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Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites are receiving increasing attention as they represent a low-cost green source of raw materials. FRP composites have to face harsh environments, such as chloride ions in coastal marine environments or cold regions with salt deicing. The resistance of FRPs subjected to the above environments is critical for the safe design and application of BFRP composites. In the present paper, the long-term durability of BFRP sheets and the epoxy resin matrix in a wet-dry cyclic environment containing chloride ions was studied. The specimens of the BFRP sheet and epoxy resin matrix were exposed to alternative conditions of 8-h immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution at 40 • C and 16-h drying at 25 • C and 60% relative humidity (RH). The specimens were removed from the exposure chamber at the end of the 180th, 270th and 360th cycles of exposure and were analyzed for degradation with tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and void volume fractions. It was found that the tensile modulus of the BFRP sheet increased by 3.4%, and the tensile strength and ultimate strain decreased by 45% and 65%, respectively, after the 360th cycle of exposure. For the epoxy resin matrix, the tensile strength, tensile modulus and ultimate strain decreased by 27.8%, 3.2% and 64.8% after the 360th cycle of exposure, respectively. The results indicated that the degradation of the BFRP sheet was dominated by the damage of the interface between the basalt fiber and epoxy resin matrix. In addition, salt precipitate accelerated the fiber-matrix interfacial debonding, and hydrolysis of the epoxy resin matrix resulted in many voids, which accelerated the degradation of the BFRP sheet.

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Durability of Pultruded GFRP through Ten-Year Outdoor Exposure Test

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Durability assessment of basalt fiber polymer as reinforcement to expanded clay concrete in harsh environment

Durability assessment of basalt fiber polymer as reinforcement to expanded clay concrete in harsh environment

Effect of Fibers Configuration and Thickness on Tensile Behavior of GFRP Laminates Exposed to Harsh Environment

Long-Term Durability of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Sheets and the Epoxy Resin Matrix under a Wet–Dry Cyclic Condition in a Chloride-Containing Environment

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