Durability of Isophthalic Polyester Composites Used in Civil Engineering Applications

Dagher, Habib J.; Iqbal, Arif; Bogner, B E N

doi:10.1177/096739110401200302

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) materials are used in a variety of engineering and industrial applications owing to their high strength-to-weight ratios and corrosion resistance [1]. They are often joined to similar or other types of components using adhesives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Enhanced Plasma Treatment of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polyester in Atmospheric Pressure Air for Adhesion Improvement

Kusano

Singh

Norrman

et al. 2011

The Journal of Adhesion

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A glass-fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) plate was treated with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure in air for adhesion improvement. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation using a high-power gas-jet generator during the treatment were investigated. The optical emission spectrum of the discharge remained almost unchanged by the ultrasonic irradiation, indicating that the bulk property of the discharge was not significantly influenced by the ultrasound. However, the ultrasonic irradiation during the plasma treatment suppressed occasional arcing in the DBD, preventing damage of the GFRP plates. The polar component of the surface energy of the polyester plate was 21 mJ=m 2 before the treatment, increased markedly to 52 mJ=m 2 after 2-s plasma treatment without ultrasonic irradiation, and further increased slightly after longer treatments. In addition, the polar component of the surface energy increased due to the simultaneous ultrasonic irradiation, indicating that the adhesive property would be further improved. This result shows a good agreement with surface characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry ion images show that nitrogen-containing functional groups were uniformly attached after the treatments. The roughness of the GFRP surfaces increased after the plasma treatment, but the ultrasonic irradiation did not enhance surface roughening.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Enhanced Plasma Treatment of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polyester in Atmospheric Pressure Air for Adhesion Improvement

Kusano

Singh

Norrman

et al. 2011

The Journal of Adhesion

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“…The unsaturated polyester (UP) resins used for the preparation of these composite materials have several advantages, mainly a favourable ratio between the mechanical and thermal properties compared to their cost 2 . UP resins also have good durability, a relatively good corrosion resistance, 3 a low maintenance cost as well as good electrical, phonic and thermal insulation properties. The investment cost related to machining composite materials by hand lay‐up is also low 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the structure of itaconate‐based unsaturated polyester resins by high resolution mass spectrometry

Molina

Mahmoud

Hubert‐Roux

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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Unsaturated polyester (UP) resins are widely used to manufacture composite materials and fulfil a wide panel of specification for industrial or domestic applications at low cost. These resins consist of a highly viscous polyester oligomer and a reactive diluent, which allow their processability and crosslinking. The oligomers are synthesized from diols and saturated or unsaturated diacids. Maleic anhydride is classically used as an unsaturated acid because of its reactivity for esterification and its competitive cost. However, maleic anhydride is petroleum based and classified as skin and respiratory sensitizing by the European Chemicals Agency. Itaconic acid which is recognized as one of the top 12 biobased molecules by the US Department of Energy is a biobased alternative with a reactive unsaturation. In this work, a UP based on propylene glycol, itaconic acid and dimethyl terephthalate was synthesized by polycondensation and characterized by high resolution mass spectroscopy, 1 H, 13 C 1D and 2D NMR as well as ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry. The main structures were linear but cyclic species and a few branched chains due to the intermolecular Ordelt reaction were also detected by NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Molecular modelling has indeed demonstrated that itaconate-based UPs are more prone to cyclization than fumarate-based UPs. Moreover, NMR analysis showed a significant consumption of itaconate unsaturation by the Ordelt reaction. Ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry allowed an additional structure to be distinguished for the same m/z peaks first attributed to a linear structure only. These results suggest the existence of cyclic species based on an intramolecular Ordelt reaction.

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“…Today composite materials find many applications in the fields of transport, construction as well as in sports and leisure (Biron, 2013). The unsaturated polyester resins used for the preparation of these composite materials have several advantages, mainly a favorable price ratio with respect to the mechanical and thermal properties (Mishra et al, 2003), good durability and a relatively good resistance to corrosion (Dagher et al, 2004), a low maintenance cost as well as good electrical, phonic and thermal insulation properties. It also lightens the structures compared to conventional metallic materials allowing to obtain better energy performances (Song et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Networks Are Promising Tools for the Prediction of the Viscosity of Unsaturated Polyester Resins

Molina

Laroche

Richard³

et al. 2019

Front. Chem.

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Unsaturated polyester resins are widely used for the preparation of composite materials and fulfill the majority of practical requirements for industrial and domestic applications at low cost. These resins consist of a highly viscous polyester oligomer and a reactive diluent, which allows its process ability and its crosslinking. The viscosity of the initial polyester and the reactive diluent mixture is critical for practical applications. So far, these viscosities were determined by trial and error which implies a time-consuming succession of manipulations, to achieve the targeted viscosities. In this work, we developed a strategy for predicting the viscosities of unsaturated polyesters formulation based on neural networks. In a first step 15 unsaturated polyesters have been synthesized through high-temperature polycondensation using usual monomers. Experimental Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) were determined from solubility experiment with HSPiP software and glass transition temperatures ( T g ) were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Quantitative Structure—Property Relationship (QSPR) coupled to multiple linear regressions have been used to get a prediction of Hansen solubility parameters δ d , δ p , and δ h from structural composition. A second QSPR regression has been done on glass transition temperature (prediction vs. experimental coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.93) of these unsaturated polyesters. These unsaturated polyesters were next diluted in several solvents with different natures (ethers, esters, alcohol, aromatics for example) at different concentrations. Viscosities at room temperature of these polyesters in solution were finally measured in order to create a database of 220 entries with 7 descriptors (polyester molecular weight, T g , dispersity index Ð, polyester-solvent HSP RED, molar volume of the solvent, δ h of the solvent, concentration of polyester in solvent). The QSPR method for predicting the viscosity from these 6 descriptors proved to be ineffective ( R 2 = 0.56) as viscosities exhibit non-linear phenomena. A Neural Network with an optimized number of 12 hidden neurons has been trained with 179 entries to predict the viscosity. A correlation between experimental and predicted viscosities based on 41 testing instances gave a correlation coefficient R 2 of 0.88 and a predicted vs. measured slope of 0.98. Thanks to Neural Networks, new developments with eco-friendly reactive diluents can be accelerated.

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Durability of Isophthalic Polyester Composites Used in Civil Engineering Applications

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

Ultrasound Enhanced Plasma Treatment of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polyester in Atmospheric Pressure Air for Adhesion Improvement

Ultrasound Enhanced Plasma Treatment of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polyester in Atmospheric Pressure Air for Adhesion Improvement

Deciphering the structure of itaconate‐based unsaturated polyester resins by high resolution mass spectrometry

Neural Networks Are Promising Tools for the Prediction of the Viscosity of Unsaturated Polyester Resins

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