Durability of Implanted Low-Density Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Used as a Scaffold for Microencapsulated Molecular Probes inside Small Fish

Shchapova, Ekaterina; Titov, Evgeniy; Gurkov, Anton; Nazarova, Anna; Borvinskaya, Ekaterina; Timofeyev, Maxim A.

doi:10.3390/polym14193956

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, the procedure may be less straightforward in the case of juveniles with a smaller dorsal fin, since the rays can interfere with the injection. We also tested injecting an amorphous hydrogel that had previously been found useful as the sensor polymeric carrier inside small fish [ 30 ]. Such an injection into the proximal part of the dorsal fin requires a smaller needle; it was indeed found to be easier and still successful.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Rzhechitskiy

Gurkov

Bolbat

et al. 2022

Animals

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Implantable optical sensors are emerging tools that have the potential to enable constant real-time monitoring of various internal physiological parameters. Such a possibility will open new horizons for health control not only in medicine, but also in animal husbandry, including aquaculture. In this study, we analyze different organs of commonly farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as implantation sites for fluorescent sensors and propose the adipose fin, lacking an endoskeleton, as the optimal choice. The fin is highly translucent due to significantly thinner dermis, which makes the detectable fluorescence of an implanted sensor operating at the visible light range by more than an order of magnitude higher relative to the skin. Compared to the proximal parts of ray fins, the adipose fin provides easy implantation and visualization of the sensor. Finally, we tested fluorescent pH sensors inside the adipose fin and demonstrated the possibility of acquiring their signal with a simple hand-held device and without fish anesthesia. All these features will most likely make the adipose fin the main “window” into the internal physiological processes of salmonid fish with the help of implantable optical sensors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, examples of applications of optical sensors in fish are scarce. Previously, we managed to readily use an injected fluorescent sensor for tracking the interstitial pH of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) [ 30 ], which are small in size and have thin skin. However, the latter is not the case for farmed fish species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Rzhechitskiy

Gurkov

Bolbat

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Therefore, according to the data in the literature, this hydrogel can be considered satisfactorily biocompatible for many physiological tests in an animal model lasting for days. At the same time, there are only fragmentary data on the short− and midterm effects of 2.5% PAAH injection on the immune response [ 17 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, the advantage of semi−liquid hydrogels, such as 2.5% polyacrylamide gel−sols, is that they can be easily and minimally invasively injected into tissues using a conventional syringe [ 8 ]. Previously, we applied such an injectable hydrogel as the scaffold for polyelectrolyte microcapsules with a fluorescent molecular pH probe in zebrafish Danio rerio [ 17 ]. The sensor kept the sensitivity to extracellular pH for at least two days, but later we observed an intense immune response and destruction of the hydrogel carrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Borvinskaya

Matrosova

Sukhovskaya

et al. 2023

Gels

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The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism’s tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due to its ease of injection compared to resilient analogs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of a semi-liquid 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAH) as a scaffold for fluorescent polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMs) in rainbow trout. The hydrogel was injected subcutaneously into the adipose fin, which is a small, highly translucent fold of skin in salmonids that is convenient for implanting optical sensors. Using histological methods, we compared tissue organization and in vivo stability of the applied hydrogel at the injection site after administration of uncoated PMs or PMs coated with 2.5% PAAH (PMs-PAAH) for a period of 3 to 14 days. Our results showed that the introduction of PMs into the gel did not have a masking effect, as they were recognized, engulfed, and carried away by phagocytes from the injection site. However, both PMs and PMs-PAAH were found to provoke chronic inflammation at the injection site, although according to cytokine expression in the fish spleen, the irritating effect was local and did not affect the systemic immunity of the fish. Therefore, our study suggests low applicability of 2.5% polyacrylamide as a scaffold for injectable sensors within a timeframe of days.

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“…Using cryogelation, macroporous hydrogels can be produced [ 17 ]. If the polymerization occurs inside micrometric-sized water domains of a water-in-oil emulsion, microspheres are produced [ 18 ]. Moreover, polymerization in dilute solution is controlled by nucleation and growth processes, producing hydrogel nanoparticles (nanogels) [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Materials Made by Combining Hydrogels (Cross-Linked Polyacrylamides) and Conducting Polymers (Polyanilines)—A Critical Review

Barbero

2023

Polymers

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Hydrogels made of cross-linked polyacrlyamides (cPAM) and conducting materials made of polyanilines (PANIs) are both the most widely used materials in each category. This is due to their accessible monomers, easy synthesis and excellent properties. Therefore, the combination of these materials produces composites which show enhanced properties and also synergy between the cPAM properties (e.g., elasticity) and those of PANIs (e.g., conductivity). The most common way to produce the composites is to form the gel by radical polymerization (usually by redox initiators) then incorporate the PANIs into the network by oxidative polymerization of anilines. It is often claimed that the product is a semi-interpenetrated network (s-IPN) made of linear PANIs penetrating the cPAM network. However, there is evidence that the nanopores of the hydrogel become filled with PANIs nanoparticles, producing a composite. On the other hand, swelling the cPAM in true solutions of PANIs macromolecules renders s-IPN with different properties. Technological applications of the composites have been developed, such as photothermal (PTA)/electromechanical actuators, supercapacitors, movement/pressure sensors, etc. PTA devices rely on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (light, microwaves, radiofrequency) by PANIs, which heats up the composite, triggering the phase transition of a thermosensitive cPAM. Therefore, the synergy of properties of both polymers is beneficial.

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Durability of Implanted Low-Density Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Used as a Scaffold for Microencapsulated Molecular Probes inside Small Fish

Cited by 3 publications

References 49 publications

Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Functional Materials Made by Combining Hydrogels (Cross-Linked Polyacrylamides) and Conducting Polymers (Polyanilines)—A Critical Review

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