Durability diagnosis of a concrete structure in a tidal zone by combining NDT methods: Laboratory tests and case study

Applications of GPR in Association with Other Non-destructive Testing Methods in Surveying of Transport Infrastructures

“…Other NDT measurements (such as electrical, sonic, seismic and infrared thermography) combined with GPR have earned the interest of researchers on the assessment of water content and alkalini-aggregate reaction on concrete, as well as concrete quality and delamination (Breysse et al 2008;Sbartaï et al 2012). Villain et al (2012) present a combination of GPR, capacitive and impact-echo measurements to analyze porosity and water and chloride contents. Other possibility which is currently promoted is combination of GPR with laser scanning that provides exact information about the surface of roads and structures, and their suburb in combination to GPR data of the sub-surface (Solla et al 2013a).…”

Temperature influence on electromagnetic measurements of concrete moisture

“…Consequently, several researchers decided to use other non-destructive methods modifying the frequency spectra (Sbartaï, Laurens, Rhazi, Balayssac, & Arliguie, 2007;, using mechanical means and combining several non-destructive testing Breysse, Klysz, Dérobert, Sirieix, & Lataste, 2008;Villain, Sbartaï, Dérobert, Garnier, & Balayssac, 2012), to decorrelate uncertainties in order to get quantitative data. However, many additional studies are still necessary before traditional destructive on site methods may be replaced by non destructive investigations (Lamarre, Saussol, & Chataigner, 2011a, 2011b, 2011cSaussol, Rabasse, & Aubagnac, 2012).…”

Use of electromagnetic non‐destructive techniques for monitoring water and chloride ingress into concrete

“…quency limit is dependent on the concrete element dimensions and the electrode configuration. Using low-frequency alternating current instead of purely DC brings the advantage of avoiding electrode polarization (Hammond and Robson 1955).Secondly, concerning the EM techniques using higher frequency range (10-3000 MHz such as capacimetry or ground-penetrating radar (GPR)), the bulk permittivity of a concrete specimen is highly sensitive to the presence of water and ions, as shown by numerous studies (Robert 1998;Laurens et al 2002;Hugenschmidt and Loser 2008;Dérobert et al 2008Dérobert et al , 2009Benedetto et al 2012;Villain et al 2012;Kalogeropoulos et al 2013).Various EM techniques are capable of obtaining the EM properties of concrete over depth. An experimental study was conducted during which water and chloride ingress into unreinforced concrete was investigated (Du Plooy et al 2015).…”

“…The respective EM observables obtained from these techniques are DC resistivity, as well as low-and high-frequency relative permittivity. These material observables are also dependent on intrinsic material properties and can thus be related to concrete durability indicators (Tumidajski et al 1996;Villain et al 2012).The focus of this paper is to monitor the penetration of three different salt solutions over time and to evaluate the cover concrete conditions in terms of water and chloride content during the corrosion initiation stage using EM evaluation techniques.…”

“…Secondly, concerning the EM techniques using higher frequency range (10-3000 MHz such as capacimetry or ground-penetrating radar (GPR)), the bulk permittivity of a concrete specimen is highly sensitive to the presence of water and ions, as shown by numerous studies (Robert 1998;Laurens et al 2002;Hugenschmidt and Loser 2008;Dérobert et al 2008Dérobert et al , 2009Benedetto et al 2012;Villain et al 2012;Kalogeropoulos et al 2013).…”