Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview

Treu, Andreas; Zimmer, Katrin; Brischke, Christian; Larnøy, Erik; Gobakken, Lone Ross; Aloui, Foued; Cragg, Simon M.; Flæte, Per-Otto; Humar, Miha; Westin, Mats; Borges, Luísa M. S.; Williams, J. R.

doi:10.15376/biores.14.4.treu

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In the last years, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of weathering in thermally modified wood. Studies on the exposure of wood to natural weathering conditions (urban environments) [5,12,42,[51][52][53][54][55][56] or artificial exposure through the use of climatic chambers (UV radiation, temperature, and humidity) [57][58][59][60][61][62] were conducted.…”

Section: Weatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Modified Wood Exposed to Different Weathering Conditions: A Review

Godinho

Araújo

Quilhó

et al. 2021

Forests

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Outdoor wood applications are exposed to several different biotic and abiotic factors, and for that reason, they require protection to increase their service life. Several technologies of wood protection are already commercialized. One of these technologies is thermal modification, which refers to the structural, mechanical, and chemical transformations occurring in the lignocellulosic material when gradually heated up to specific temperature ranges. In the past few years, several researchers have undertaken weathering resistance evaluations on different wood species. Some cases have considered natural exposure in different countries with different climatic conditions, while others focused on artificial exposure under UV and xenon radiation tests. Most works evaluated the weathering effects on the chemical, mechanical and physical, and anatomical shifts compared to the original characteristics of the material. This review has established a considerable lack of studies in the bibliography focusing on abiotic factors, such as the industrial and maritime environment, or even isolated climatic factors such as salt spray (simulating maritime environments) or pollutant gases (simulating industrial environments). This lack of information can be an opportunity for future work. It could help to understand if thermally modified wood is or is not sensitive to pollutant gases or salinity, or to a combination of both. By knowing the degradation mechanisms caused by these factors, it will be possible to study other forms of protection.

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Section: Weatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Modified Wood Exposed to Different Weathering Conditions: A Review

Godinho

Araújo

Quilhó

et al. 2021

Forests

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“…In the Italian lagoons, the use of wood for infrastructure such as piers, moorings, pilings and fences is part of the local heritage [ 1 ]. However, these structures are subjected to constant maintenance that is no longer sustainable in humid and coastal environments where wood degradation is massive and fast [ 2 ]. To overcome this problem, in the last century, very toxic wood coating products have been used, causing environmental contamination [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Effect of Differently Treated Wooden Materials on Microalgal Biofilm Formation in the Grado Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Natali,

Malfatti,

Cibic

2023

Microorganisms

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Within the framework of the Interreg Italy–Slovenia programme, the project DuraSoft aimed at testing innovative technologies to improve the durability of traditional wooden structures in socio-ecologically sensitive environments. We focused on the impact of different wood treatments (i.e., copper-based coatings and thermal modification) on microbial biofilm formation in the Grado Lagoon. Wooden samples were placed in 2 areas with diverse hydrodynamic conditions and retrieved after 6, 20, and 40 days. Light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy were employed to assess the treatment effects on the microalgal community abundance and composition. Lower hydrodynamics accelerated the colonisation, leading to higher algal biofilm abundances, regardless of the treatment. The Cu-based agents induced modifications to the microalgal community, leading to lower densities, small-sized diatoms and frequent deformities (e.g., bent apices, frustule malformation) in the genera Cylindrotheca and Cocconeis. After 20 days, taxa forming 3D mucilaginous structures, such as Licmophora and Synedra, were present on chemically treated panels compared to natural ones. While in the short term, the treatments were effective as antifouling agents, in the long term, neither the copper-based coatings nor the thermal modification successfully slowed down the biofouling colonisation, likely due to the stimulating effect of nutrients and other substances released from these solutions. The need to develop more ecosystem friendly technologies to preserve wooden structures remains urgent.

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“…The use of wood in industry and construction can reduce carbon in nature [ 2 ]. Therefore, wood is an environmentally friendly material that has been used for the construction of houses [ 3 ], marine environments [ 4 ], bridges [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], and wooden goods for many centuries. Regardless of species, engineered wood is a valuable construction material because of their highly desirable strength/density index.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile Examination and Strength Evaluation of Latewood in Japanese Cedar

et al. 2022

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With the crisis awareness of global warming and natural disasters, utilization of local wood has drawn increasing attention in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is necessary to investigate the deformation and fracture of the structural tissue in wood in order to improve the safety and reliability of wood application. However, deformation and fracture mechanisms of the structural tissue in each annual ring are unknown. The mechanical characteristics of wood are reflected in the properties of earlywood and latewood. In the present study, microstructural observation and tensile tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of latewood in the growth direction in Japanese cedar. Brittle fracture behavior of the latewood specimen was confirmed based on the tensile stress–strain curve and features of the fracture surface. Moreover, two fracture modes, tensile fracture and shear fracture, were recognized. Weibull analysis of tensile strength in each fracture mode was performed to evaluate the reliability and utility of brittle latewood. Lastly, two fracture mechanisms were discussed based on the failure observation findings by a scanning electron microscope.

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Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview

Cited by 27 publications

References 66 publications

Thermally Modified Wood Exposed to Different Weathering Conditions: A Review

Thermally Modified Wood Exposed to Different Weathering Conditions: A Review

Ecological Effect of Differently Treated Wooden Materials on Microalgal Biofilm Formation in the Grado Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Tensile Examination and Strength Evaluation of Latewood in Japanese Cedar

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