Duplicitous Drugs: The History and Recent Status of Look-alike Drugs

Dr, Wesson; Ks, Puder; De, Smith

doi:10.1080/02791072.1987.10472376

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One is reminded here of the similarities with the ‘look‐alike’ drug market in the United States that appeared in the 1970s and continued until the 1980s offering replacements for controlled substances such as amphetamine which were effectively mixtures of over‐the‐counter active ingredients. These look‐alikes apparently gained some popularity in the United States after increased enforcement activities to prevent the diversion of psychoactive medicines such as amphetamine were introduced after the Controlled Substances Act came into force . Interestingly, the marketing began to evolve into products that are more akin to the modern ‘legal highs’ market seen today with products such as 'Supercaine', 'Ultracaine', and ‘Toot' advertised as legal replacements to cocaine.…”

Section: Law and Regulatory Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new drug phenomenon

Brandt

King²,

Evans-Brown

2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

161

182

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Section: Law and Regulatory Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new drug phenomenon

Brandt

King²,

Evans-Brown

2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

161

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…, 1987Smith 1985) which have been found to contain various combinations of CAF, EPHED, and PPA (Allen 1982, personal communication). Anecdotedly, these bogus COC supplies appear to satisfy the COC cravings of its users and are often not detected as different from the normal quality of COC (Allen 1982, personal communication;Morgan et al 1985Morgan et al , 1987Smith 1985). The data from the present set of studies, conducted with rats, parallel these anecdotal reports.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A number of compounds have been sold in the illicit drug market as look-alike or bogus COC (Allen 1982, personal communication;Morgan et at. 1985Morgan et at. , 1987Smith 1985) which have been found to contain various combinations of CAF, EPHED, and PPA (Allen 1982, personal communication).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In recent years, reviews by Miller (1989), Boyd (1986) and Morgan et al (1987) on the toxicity profile of the look-alike compounds in humans turned up only nine published reports (most of which were case reports). In animal studies, PPA has been reported to produce DD properties similar to AMPHET, however based on the self-administration profiles PPA would not be predicted to have AMPHET-like dependence potential (Woolverton et al 1986).…”

Section: Drug Discrimination -Drug Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The discriminative stimulus properties of legal, over-the-counter stimulants administered singly and in binary and ternary combinations

et al. 1993

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Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in one of seven drug versus saline (SAL) discrimination (DD) tasks under a variable-ratio 5-15 schedule of food-motivated lever press responding. Three groups of rats (n = 12/group) were trained to discriminate between one of the legal over-the-counter (OTC) stimulants--caffeine (CAF), ephedrine (EPHED), phenylpropanolamine (PPA), and SAL. Three other groups (n = 12/group) were trained to discriminate between one of three binary stimulant combinations--CAF+EPHED, CAF+PPA, EPHED+PPA, and SAL. The seventh group of rats (n = 24) was trained to discriminate between SAL and a ternary combination of the OTC stimulants, CAF+EPHED+PPA. Generalization tests were conducted with each of the OTC stimulants and the controlled stimulants--amphetamine (AMPHET) and cocaine (COC). The data suggest: 1) there is cross-generalization between some OTC combinations and controlled stimulants; 2) full generalization between the OTC and controlled stimulants were demonstrated in rats trained to discriminate two of the binary stimulant combinations from SAL; 3) drug mixtures are not perceived as new entities distinct from their component elements; 4) training dose-ratio may influence the characteristics of mixture discriminations; 5) stimulus overshadowing may be a factor determining drug mixture cues, and 6) the DD properties of aggregate drug compounds may function within a euclidean metric space. We propose that some binary OTC stimulant combinations may effectively function as a methadone-like replacement therapy in cocaine dependence.

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Non-Prescription Sympathomimetic Agents and Hypertension

Chua

Benrimoj

1988

Medical Toxicology

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In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the pressor effects of nonprescription sympathomimetic agents. The impact and usage of these agents especially ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine and phenylephrine, in hypertensive patients has been the topic of constant debates. The present review is an attempt to report and evaluate all the clinical trials and cases of pressor reactions associated with these 4 agents. The study protocols used in these clinical trials are examined and comments made on any diversion from the standard design. Many factors are found to cause the discrepancies in the data available. It is concluded that ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine are best avoided by hypertensive patients due to higher probability of causing pressor reactions. Data on pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine appear to indicate non-significant effects on blood pressure of normotensive subjects when used at the recommended oral dose as nasal decongestants. Phenylephrine is also commonly employed in nasal and eye drops and the limited data available appear to support its usage in hypertensive patients. However, it is noted that most of the clinical trials involve normotensive subjects and the majority of the results could not be verified due to inadequacies in the study design. This paucity and inconclusive information on hypertensive patients warrants further investigations with emphasis on the study protocols used.

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Duplicitous Drugs: The History and Recent Status of Look-alike Drugs

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

The new drug phenomenon

The new drug phenomenon

The discriminative stimulus properties of legal, over-the-counter stimulants administered singly and in binary and ternary combinations

Non-Prescription Sympathomimetic Agents and Hypertension

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