Duodenal-Mucosal Bacteria Associated with Celiac Disease in Children

Abstract

bCeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of cereal gluten proteins. This disorder is associated with imbalances in the gut microbiota composition that could be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The aim of this study was to characterize the composition and diversity of the cultivable duodenal mucosa-associated bacteria of CD patients and control children. Duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with active disease on a gluten-containing diet (n ‫؍‬ 32), patients with nonactive disease after adherence to a gluten-free diet (n ‫؍‬ 17), and controls (n ‫؍‬ 8) were homogenized and plated on plate count agar, Wilkins-Chalgren agar, brain heart agar, or yeast, Casitone, and fatty acid agar. The isolates were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Renyi diversity profiles showed the highest diversity values for active CD patients, followed by nonactive CD patients and control individuals. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria were more abundant in patients with active CD than in the other child groups, while those of the phylum Firmicutes were less abundant. Members of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae, particularly the species Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus pasteuri, were more abundant in patients with active disease than in controls. In contrast, members of the family Streptococcaceae were less abundant in patients with active CD than in controls. Furthermore, isolates of the Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus mutans groups were more abundant in controls than in both CD patient groups, regardless of inflammatory status. The findings indicated that the disease is associated with the overgrowth of possible pathobionts that exclude symbionts or commensals that are characteristic of the healthy small intestinal microbiota.

Characterization of <i>Enterobacteries</i> Genus in Intestinal Microbiota of Celiac Children

“…Also for duodenal sample, the Enterobacteries genus was more abundant in celiac children with medium of 4.92 Log UFC than in controls with median of 3 Log UFC. Our results obtained were similar with other studies that have examined the fecal matter of celiac children [16,17,18]. As the study of Björkstén and al was indicated the increase number of Entrobacteries in allergy infants compared to healthy infants suggesting a link between the bacterial group and immune dysregulation [19].…”

Role of the Microbiome in Celiac Disease

“…Sanchez et al confirmed that there is a lower level of the protective phylum Firmicutes and Streptococceae and an elevated level of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriacae, Staphylococceae and Klebsiella in patients with CD [25]. The same research group examined the differences in Bacteroides spp.…”

“…They demonstrated that patients with active CD showed the highest Renyi diversity values followed by the non-active CD patients and healthy individuals, which was used to determine differences in bacterium species among study groups. Renyi diversity index was lower in the duodenal biopsies of patients maintained on GFD and control individuals [25].…”

“…The same research group examined the differences in Bacteroides spp. and their pathogenic features confirm an increased abundance of Bacterioides fragilis strains with metalloprotease activity [22,25]. They demonstrated that patients with active CD showed the highest Renyi diversity values followed by the non-active CD patients and healthy individuals, which was used to determine differences in bacterium species among study groups.…”

“…Main changes in the microbiome composition found in patients with CD compared to controls are shown in Table 1. [8,19,21] Lactobacilli [8,19,21] Proteobacteria [25] Bifidobacteria [8,19,21] Prevotella [5] Streptococcaceae [25] Haemphilus [5] Firmicutes [25] Serratia [5] E. Coli [19] Enterobacteriacae [25] Stapyholoccaceae [25] Klebsiella [25] Bacilli [5] Bacterioidetes [5] Clostridium [21] Further studies are required to explore the complex functions of the microbiome, there cognition of the bacterial dysbiosis in patients with CD led to the exploration of possible benefits of probiotic formulas to improve the symptoms of CD.…”