Duffy Blood Types and Vivax Malaria in Ethiopia *

Mathews, Henry M.; Armstrong, Joseph C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.299

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Occasional reports of P. vivax in Kenya have commonly been ascribed, a priori, either to confusion with the morphologically similar P. ovale or to the genetic contribution from Hametic or other populations who are largely Duffy positive. 6,7 We report here, however, evidence that a parasite having molecular and antigenic characteristics specific for P. vivax is being transmitted among Fy a−b− indigenes of western Kenya. We were first alerted to this possibility when four wild Anopheles, among a group being used to validate a new dipstick assay, 8 consistently gave positive results for P. vivax circumsporozoite protein, phenotype VK 247.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Evidence for Transmission of Plasmodium Vivax Among a Duffy Antigen Negative Population in Western Kenya

Ryan¹,

Stoute²,

Amon³

et al. 2006

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

197

156

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Abstract. We present evidence that a parasite with characteristics of Plasmodium vivax is being transmitted among Duffy blood group-negative inhabitants of Kenya. Thirty-two of 4,901 Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus (0.65%) collected in Nyanza Province were ELISA positive for the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein VK 247. All positives were found late in the rainy season, when An. funestus predominated, and disproportionately many were found at a single village. A P. vivax specific sequence of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified from three of six ELISA-positive mosquitoes. Erythrocytes from 31 children, including 9 microscopically diagnosed as infected with P. vivax, were negative by flow cytometry for the Fy3 or Fy6 epitopes, which indicate Duffy blood group expression. A DNA fragment specific for the C terminus of the gene for P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) was amplified from the blood of four of these children and subsequently sequenced from two.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Evidence for Transmission of Plasmodium Vivax Among a Duffy Antigen Negative Population in Western Kenya

Ryan¹,

Stoute²,

Amon³

et al. 2006

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

197

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This phenomenon is currently explained by the lack of Duffy receptors on the erythrocytes of Africans, which makes them resistant to infection by P. vivax, the more common species in the rest of the world [27]. Ethiopia is an exception in this respect, since it is a meeting place between Semitic and African races, and 25-35% of malaria cases in Ethiopia are due to P. vivax [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of malaria from peripheral blood smears examination: A 1-year retrospective study from the Serbo Health Center, Kersa Woreda, Ethiopia

Karunamoorthi

Bekele

2009

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Over the past years, the disease has been consistently reported as the first leading cause of outpatient visits, hospitalization and death in health facilities across the country. Thus, a retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malaria from peripheral blood smear examination from the Serbo Health Center of Ethiopia. The case notes of all malaria cases treated between July 2007 and June 2008 were carefully reviewed and analyzed. Of the total 6863 smears, 3009 were found to be positive and contribute 43.8% of diagnostic yield. Plasmodium falciparum constituted the most predominant [64.6% (1946/3009 cases)], while Plasmodium vivax confirmed with 34.9% (1052/3009) cases. Among patients who underwent diagnostic testing and treatment for malaria, males [63.8% (1918/3009 cases)] were more prone to have a positive malaria smear than females [36.2% (1091/3009 cases)]. Chi-square statistical analysis shown that there was a statistically significant association found between male cases and number of positive blood smear (chi(2)=28.1; df=7; p-value=0.001). The present study results clearly suggest that the catchment area of Serbo Health Center is prone for epidemic malaria and the situation is quite deteriorating. At the moment, although we are not equipped with magic bullet for malaria effective low-cost strategies are available for its treatment, prevention, and control. Therefore, creating awareness by active health education campaigns and applying integrated malaria control strategy could bring the constructive outcome in the near future.

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“…One of the functions of the Duffy antigen is being a receptor of P. vivax [46] and its absence has been shown to preclude infection with this parasite [58], [59], although the extent of this has been questioned [60]–[63]. There is no doubt that the African continent has a climate highly conducive to P. vivax transmission (Protocol S2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The International Limits and Population at Risk of Plasmodium vivax Transmission in 2009

et al. 2010

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BackgroundA research priority for Plasmodium vivax malaria is to improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of risk and its relationship with the burden of P. vivax disease in human populations. The aim of the research outlined in this article is to provide a contemporary evidence-based map of the global spatial extent of P. vivax malaria, together with estimates of the human population at risk (PAR) of any level of transmission in 2009.MethodologyThe most recent P. vivax case-reporting data that could be obtained for all malaria endemic countries were used to classify risk into three classes: malaria free, unstable (<0.1 case per 1,000 people per annum (p.a.)) and stable (≥0.1 case per 1,000 p.a.) P. vivax malaria transmission. Risk areas were further constrained using temperature and aridity data based upon their relationship with parasite and vector bionomics. Medical intelligence was used to refine the spatial extent of risk in specific areas where transmission was reported to be absent (e.g., large urban areas and malaria-free islands). The PAR under each level of transmission was then derived by combining the categorical risk map with a high resolution population surface adjusted to 2009. The exclusion of large Duffy negative populations in Africa from the PAR totals was achieved using independent modelling of the gene frequency of this genetic trait. It was estimated that 2.85 billion people were exposed to some risk of P. vivax transmission in 2009, with 57.1% of them living in areas of unstable transmission. The vast majority (2.59 billion, 91.0%) were located in Central and South East (CSE) Asia, whilst the remainder were located in America (0.16 billion, 5.5%) and in the Africa+ region (0.10 billion, 3.5%). Despite evidence of ubiquitous risk of P. vivax infection in Africa, the very high prevalence of Duffy negativity throughout Central and West Africa reduced the PAR estimates substantially.ConclusionsAfter more than a century of development and control, P. vivax remains more widely distributed than P. falciparum and is a potential cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the 2.85 billion people living at risk of infection, the majority of whom are in the tropical belt of CSE Asia. The probability of infection is reduced massively across Africa by the frequency of the Duffy negative trait, but transmission does occur on the continent and is a concern for Duffy positive locals and travellers. The final map provides the spatial limits on which the endemicity of P. vivax transmission can be mapped to support future cartographic-based burden estimations.

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Duffy Blood Types and Vivax Malaria in Ethiopia *

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence for Transmission of Plasmodium Vivax Among a Duffy Antigen Negative Population in Western Kenya

Evidence for Transmission of Plasmodium Vivax Among a Duffy Antigen Negative Population in Western Kenya

Prevalence of malaria from peripheral blood smears examination: A 1-year retrospective study from the Serbo Health Center, Kersa Woreda, Ethiopia

The International Limits and Population at Risk of Plasmodium vivax Transmission in 2009

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