Duck red cell 2, 3 diphosphoglycerate: Its presence in the embryo and its disappearance in the adult

Intraerythrocytic organic phosphates and hemoglobins of skua - Catharacta maccormicki (Stercoraridae): at two different stages of the year in relation to Antartic migration

“…In adult birds, inositol pentaphosphate (IPP) is the main allosteric effectors in the red cell, instead of BPG, which is found in human Hb (Zhang et al 1996). However, bird embryos also present 2,3-BPG, which disappears at the moment of hatching (Isaacks et al 1976a;Isaacks et al 1976b;Isaacks et al 1976c;Bartlett 1980a;Bartlett 1980b;Borgese Lampert 1975;Isaacks Harckness 1975). Since migration of skuas is a tremendous resistance test, an alteration of Hb functional properties due to different intraerythrocytic organic phosphates content in samples collected at different seasons (after migration and after a period of rest) could be expected.…”

The Relationship Between Erythrocyte Phosphate Metabolism, Carbon Dioxide, and pH on Blood Oxygen Affinity in Birds

“…For example: 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Z,3-P2 -glycerate) previously considered a characteristic only of mammalian erythrocytes, has been observed as a major constituent of the red cells of embryos of birds and reptiles and in the red cells of the armored catfish (Borgese and Lampert 1975;Harkness 1975, 1980); inositol tetrakisphosphate (inositol-P4 ) was found to be the major organic phosphate in erythrocytes of the mature ostrich (Isaacks and Harkness 1980); inositol pentakisphosphate (inositol-Ps) previously considered a characteristic of avian erythrocytes has been observed in erythrocytes of several species of fishes and sea turtles (Bartlett 1980;Borgese and Nagel 1978;Isaacks and Harkness 1980;Rapoport and Guest 1941); inositol bisphosphate (inositol-P2 ) has been found in erythrocytes of the South American (Lepidosiren paradoxa) and African (Protopterus aethiopicus) lungfish (Bartlett 1980;Isaacks and Harkness 1980), but its role as a modifier of hemoglobin function has not been verified; and in some of our very recent studies the red blood cells of monotremes, the egg-laying mammals (echidna and duckbill platypus), were found nearly devoid of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Kim et al 1981;Isaacks et al 1984), only traces were present (0.03 and 0.06 roM, respectively).…”

“…The presence of 2,3-P2 -glycerate as the major organic phosphate (4-6 mM) in the erythrocytes of the chick embryo during the last week of embryonic development and its rapid disappearance from circulating red blood cells shortly after hatching, suggests that it functions as a transitory modulator of hemoglobin function during this period Harkness 1975, 1980;Borgese and Lampert 1975;Bartlett 1980). As 2,3-P2 -glycerate disappears from the red blood cells of the young chick, inositol-Ps and ATP concentrations begin to accumulate rapidly corresponding with marked decreases in blood oxygen afftnity (Isaacks and Harkness 1980).…”