A status report on the topic Compton scattering and polarizabilities is
presented with emphasis on the scalar t-channel as entering into dispersion
theory. Precise values for the polarizabilities are obtained leading to
$\alpha_p = 12.0\pm 0.6$ $(12.0)$, $\beta_p=1.9\mp 0.6$ $(1.9)$, $\alpha_n=
12.5\pm 1.7$ $(13.4)$, $\beta_n= 2.7 \mp 1.8$ $(1.8)$ in units of $10^{-4}$
fm$^3$ and $\gamma^{(p)}_\pi = -36.4 \pm 1.5$ $(-36.6)$, $\gamma^{(n)}_\pi =
58.6 \pm 4.0$ $(58.3)$, $(\gamma^{(p)}_0= -0.58\pm 0.20)$, $(\gamma^{(n)}_0 =
+0.38\pm 0.22)$ in units of $10^{-4}$ fm$^4$, for the proton (p) and neutron
(n), respectively. The data given with an error are {\it recommended}
experimental values with updates compared to [1] where necessary, the data in
parentheses are predicted values. These predicted values are not contained in
[1], but are the result of a newly developed analysis which is the main topic
of the present paper. The most important recent discovery is that the largest
part of the electric polarizability and the total diamagnetic polarizability of
the nucleon are properties of the $\sigma$ meson as part of the
constituent-quark structure, as expected from the mechanism of chiral symmetry
breaking. This view is supported by an experiment on Compton scattering by the
proton carried out in the second resonance region, where a large contribution
from the $\sigma$ meson enters into the scattering amplitudes. This experiment
led to a determination of the mass of the $\sigma$ meson of $m_\sigma = 600 \pm
70$ MeV. From the experimental $\alpha_p$ and predicted differences $(\alpha_n
- \alpha_p)$ neutron polarizabilities in the range $\alpha_n= 12.0 - 13.4$ are
predicted, where the uncertainties are related to the $f_0(980)$ and $a_0(980)$
scalar mesons