Dual Role of Exosome in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review Study

Abstract

Introduction: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the crucial means of intercellular communication, which takes many different forms. They are heterogeneous, secreted by a range of cell types, and can be generally classified into microvesicles and exosomes depending on their location and function. Exosomes are small EVs with diameters of about 30–150 nm and diverse cell sources. Methods: The MEDLINE/PubMed database was reviewed for papers written in English and publication dates of recent years, using the search string "Exosome" and "Neurodegenerative diseases." Results: The exosomes have attracted interest as a significant biomarker for a better understanding of disease development, gene silencing delivery, and alternatives to stem cell-based therapy because of their low-invasive therapeutic approach, repeatable distribution in the central nervous system (CNS), and high efficiency. Also, they are nanovesicles that carry various substances, which can have an impact on neural plasticity and cognitive functioning in both healthy and pathological circumstances. Therefore, exosomes are conceived as nanovesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. However, their composition varies considerably depending on the cells from which they are produced. Conclusion: In the present review, we discuss several techniques for the isolation of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, reviewing research on exosomes' possible functions as carriers of bioactive substances implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative illnesses, we further examine them. We also analyze the preclinical and clinical research that shows exosomes to have therapeutic potential.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells-based Cell-free Therapy Targeting Neuroinflammation

“…MSCs, particularly the MSCs-based cell-free therapy, have emerged as a potent therapeutic strategy. The dual functions of exosomes in neurodegenerative conditions have been discussed in a recently published review [ 133 ]. Both in our own unpublished research and in the work of others, the significance of enhanced stem cells and their exosomes is under active investigation [ 134 ].…”

Mesenchymal stem cells and ferroptosis: Clinical opportunities and challenges

“…Interestingly, MSCs secrete biomolecules such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that assist in their biological activities in an autocrine or paracrine manner, in sync with their microenvironment. Additionally, a basic question is whether biomolecules formed from various types of stem cells have varied protective and therapeutic effects in disease conditions [ 1 ]. As the field continues to expand, the escape of MSCs from the immune system has been shown to be mediated by cell-cell interactions via the production of immune regulatory molecules such as IFN-γ, COX-2, PGE2, and IDO [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Roles of adipose-derived stem cells and derived exosomes in therapeutic applications to testicular injury caused by cisplatin

“…Exosomes derived from ADSCs, known as ADSC-Ex, have been shown to have similar therapeutic effects as ADSCs themselves [ 8 ]. ADSC-Ex can promote tissue repair and regeneration, reduce inflammation, and modulate immune responses [ 9 , 10 ].…”