Dual regulation of proliferation and apoptosis: c-myc in bitransgenic murine mammary tumor models

Prolactin induces ERα-positive and ERα-negative mammary cancer in transgenic mice

“…Both STAT5A and AKT increase alveolar survival during pregnancy and early involution (Humphreys and Hennighausen, 1999;Hu et al, 2001;Schwertfeger et al, 2001;Ackler et al, 2002). However, other PRLR-activated mediators, such as c-myc, a powerful promoter of apoptosis as well as proliferation (Yu-Lee, 1990;Jamerson et al, 2000;Evan and Vousden, 2001), or other indirect mediators, may be responsible for our observations. Interestingly, the PRL-induced adenocarcinomas shared several characteristics with those induced by oncogenes affecting the Wnt pathway, including ductal dysmorphogenesis, focal dense stroma with inflammatory infiltrate, and squamous metaplasia (Rosner et al, 2002).…”

Oncogenic Mutants of RON and MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Cause Activation of the β-Catenin Pathway

“…c-myc and cyclin D1 genes contain a Tcf/Lef binding site in their promoter regions (37,108). These genes are potential targets for transcriptional activation by ␤-catenin/Tcf (37,101,108) and have been implicated in oncogenic cell transformation and tumor development (9,49,58,60,86).…”

KLF6 Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells through Up-regulation of ATF3

“…Although ATF3 may induce apoptosis in certain cells under certain conditions, it may also stimulate growth and metastasis in other cells or under other conditions. Other proteins that have similar dual roles in regulating proliferation and apoptosis include c-Myc, which stimulates cancer cell proliferation but at the same time enhances apoptosis (31).…”