Dual Modulated QR Codes for Proximal Privacy and Security

Barron, Irving; Yeh, Hsin Jui; Dinesh, Karthik; Sharma, Gaurav

doi:10.1109/tip.2020.3037524

Cited by 8 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Third, some extended forms of QR codes have occurred, aiming to meet various real-world requirements, such as dual-modulated QR codes for proximal privacy and security 28 and “Meiyao” for QR artistic quality 11 , 12 , 30 . It should be noted that something interesting has happened.…”

Section: Comparisons Between This Work and Related Onesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for audible acoustic quick response codes

Zhu

Gao

Wang

2022

Sci Rep

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Compared to image-based quick response (QR) codes, acoustic QR codes have some advantages. However, an acoustic QR scanner cannot recognize an acoustic QR code at a distance of more than two meters from an acoustic QR announcer. To this end, we propose a new sort of acoustic QR code, called an audible acoustic QR code (AAQRC), which employs humanly audible sound to carry users’ information directly. First, a user’s string of characters is translated into a string of pitches. Then, the related algorithms convert the string of pitches into a playable audio file. As a result, an AAQRC is generated, consisting of the audio itself. AAQRC recognition is the opposite process of AAQRC generation. Compared with the existing approach for acoustic QR codes, the new method can recognize acoustic QR codes at a longer distance, even if there are obstacles between the AAQRC announcer and AAQRC scanner.

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Section: Comparisons Between This Work and Related Onesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for audible acoustic quick response codes

Zhu

Gao

Wang

2022

Sci Rep

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“…First, the modulation of both the primary and secondary data is optimized within the constraints of the module geometry. Whereas identical elliptical dots with different orientations were used in [1], as shown in Fig. 1 (b), the proposed optimized modulation uses the largest possible elliptical dots of a chosen eccentricity that fit within the modules, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Optimized Modulation and Codingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, we also optimize the error correction for the secondary message. Whereas the original DMQR code construction [1] used convolutional codes for the secondary message with hard-decision decoding, in the approach proposed here, we introduce a suitable channel model and soft-decision decoding. Fig.…”

Section: Optimized Modulation and Codingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Modulation and Coding for Dual Modulated QR Codes

Barron¹,

Sharma²

2022

Preprint

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<p> We present optimized modulation and coding for the recently introduced dual modulated QR (DMQR) codes that extend traditional QR codes to carry additional secondary data in the orientation of elliptical dots that replace black modules in the barcode images. By dynamically adjusting the dot size, we realize gains in embedding strength for both the intensity modulation and the orientation modulation that carry the primary and secondary data, respectively. Furthermore, we develop a model for the coding channel for the secondary data that enables soft-decoding via 5G NR (new radio) codes already supported by mobile devices. The performance gains for the proposed optimized designs are characterized via theoretical analysis, simulations, and actual experiments using smartphone devices. The theoretical analysis and simulations inform our design choices for the modulation and coding, and the experiments characterize the overall improvement in performance for the optimized design over the prior unoptimized designs. Importantly, the optimized designs significantly increase usability of DMQR codes with commonly used QR code beautification that cannibalizes a portion of the barcode image area for the insertion of a logo or image. In experiments with a capture distance of 15 inches, the optimized designs increase the decoding success rates between 10% and 32% for the secondary data while also providing gains for primary data decoding at larger capture distances. When used with beautification in typical settings, the secondary message is decoded with a high success rate for the proposed optimized designs, whereas it invariably fails for the prior unoptimized designs.</p>

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“…The security of QR code e-tickets thus remains an unsolved question. Accordingly, it is necessary for companies or e-ticketing systems to hide or protect sensitive QR code content, allowing only authorized users to retrieve it [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Confidential QR Code Approach with Higher Information Privacy

Lin

Lan

Chen

et al. 2022

Entropy

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In present times, barcode decoders on mobile phones can extract the data content of QR codes. However, this convenience raises concerns about security issues when using QR codes to transmit confidential information, such as e-tickets, coupons, and other private data. Moreover, current secret hiding techniques are unsuitable for QR code applications since QR codes are module-oriented, which is different from the pixel-oriented hiding manner. In this article, we propose an algorithm to conceal confidential information by changing the modules of the QR Code. This new scheme designs the triple module groups based on the concept of the error correction capability. Additionally, this manner can conceal two secret bits by changing only one module, and the amount of hidden confidential information can be twice the original amount. As a result, the ordinary data content (such as URL) can be extracted correctly from the generated QR code by any barcode decoders, which does not affect the readability of scanning. Furthermore, only authorized users with the secret key can further extract the concealed confidential information. This designed scheme can provide secure and reliable applications for the QR system.

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Dual Modulated QR Codes for Proximal Privacy and Security

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

A novel approach for audible acoustic quick response codes

A novel approach for audible acoustic quick response codes

Optimized Modulation and Coding for Dual Modulated QR Codes

A Confidential QR Code Approach with Higher Information Privacy

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