Dual key co-activated nanoplatform for switchable MRI monitoring accurate ferroptosis-based synergistic therapy

Nanomedicine-mediated ferroptosis targeting strategies for synergistic cancer therapy

“…9, a co-activated catalytic nanomedicine (CACN) was reported by Yue and co-workers, which could be “turned on” for ROS generation to induce ferroptosis only upon co-stimulation of ATP and acidity, meanwhile, in contrast to the fluorescent probe for supervising the course of ferroptosis, the switchable MRI of CACN offers high-resolution and unlimited-penetration imaging details to display in situ catalysis in vivo . 76 Similarly, gemcitabine (Gem)-loaded carbonaceous nanoparticles (MFC-Gem) were developed and utilized for MR-guided ferroptosis-chemo synergetic strategy of PDAC by Zhang et al 59 Therefore, the combination of MRI signals and ferroptosis provides a promising imaging tool to supervise the ferroptosis-based cell death of tumor treatment.…”

Molecular Engineering of pH-Responsive NIR Oxazine Assemblies for Evoking Tumor Ferroptosis via Triggering Lysosomal Dysfunction

“…Ferroptosis, a cell death pathway proposed in 2012, is closely related to various properties of cancer and is widely studied as one of the targets for tumor therapeutics. , In the programmed death process of ferroptosis, there is a vital process that catalyzes ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to generate detrimental hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) in the acidic environment of cells through the Fenton reaction, which further causes the lethal lipid peroxidation . Accordingly, various iron-based functionalized nanomaterials such as iron oxide nanoparticles, iron-organic frameworks, and other iron nanomaterials have been developed to promote tumor ferroptosis by providing Fe 2+ sources or additionally introducing extracellular simulated Fenton reaction systems. − Despite the promising progress achieved in antitumor therapy, currently reported Fenton-modulating ferroptosis therapies still suffer from serious side effects of exogenous iron-based inorganic nanomaterials (Scheme a). The reason for this mainly lies in the following: (i) a neutral intracellular environment seriously limits the conversion rate of catalytically active Fe 2+ and the Fenton reaction efficiency, thus leading to biosafety issues owing to the need for excess iron-based materials and (ii) the damage to normal tissues from premature activation or overactivation of Fenton reactions during the delivery process. , Therefore, besides the introduction of external iron sources and inorganic materials, the development of metal-free molecular agents to specifically modulate the cell-inherent Fenton reaction mechanism, although challenging, may be another alternative to promote ferroptosis with reduced systemic toxicity for antitumor therapy.…”

A pH/GSH dual responsive nanoparticle with relaxivity amplification for magnetic resonance imaging and suppression of tumors and metastases

“…[1][2][3] Among various diagnostic modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful and noninvasive tools that can provide anatomical details with high spatial-temporal resolution. 4 In the past few years, various magnetic nanomaterials, such as ferumoxytol, [5][6][7] amorphous iron nanoparticles, [8][9][10] and ironorganic frameworks, [11][12][13][14] have been investigated extensively as theranostic agents for their MRI contrast and ferroptosis-inducing capacities. 15 However, these iron-based probes commonly display "always-on" but weak MR signals regardless of the interaction with cancer biomarkers.…”