Dual inoculation of Bradyrhizobium and Enterobacter alleviates the adverse effect of salinity on Glycine max seedling

Abstract

The aid of beneficial microbes, which is a well-accepted strategy, may improve plant salt tolerance. However, the mechanisms that underpin it are unclear. In this study, seedling experiments were carried out to assess the effect of Bradyrhizobium and Enterobacter on the germination, growth, nonenzymatic and enzymatic content in soybean (Glycine max L.) under salt stress. Water was sprayed on the seeds as a control, and with 75 mM, 150 mM NaCl as salt stress. The findings demonstrate that salt stress (75, 150 mM) caused a significant decrease in germination, morphological criteria, and membrane stability index (MSI) when compared to control seeds but increased lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), osmotic pressure, proline, citric acid, sugar content, antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, endophytic Bradyrhizobium and Enterobacter inoculation resulted in a significant rise in all of the above metrics.; however, these treatments resulted in significant reductions in ROS, EL, and MDA in stressed plants. Finally, the findings showed that combining Bradyrhizobium and Enterobacter was the most efficient in reducing the harmful effects of salt on soybean plants by boosting antioxidant up-regulation and lowering membrane leakage and ROS.

Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Salinity Stress in Common Bean Plants by Maintaining Osmolytes and Regulating Nitric Oxide Levels and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression

“…On the other hand, this considerably restricted the decrease in chlorophyll concentration, which could be attributed to the prevention of ROS formation or the stability of the maintenance of the photosynthetic mechanism (Jiang et al 2019;Younes et al 2020). Furthermore, H 2 S may have contributed to improving photosynthetic performance and thus the overall performance of rice plants by delivering Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn ions as well as by promoting chloroplast biogenesis and increasing the ability of CO 2 fixation, as observed in Spinacea oleracea (Chen et al 2011) and cucumber plants (Jiang et al 2019), and increased photosynthetic pigments by protecting cell membrane organelle containing chlorophyll against salinity-induced ion toxicity (Agha et al 2021).…”

“…Environmental stresses are thought to be responsible for half of all crop losses, posing a severe danger to global food security (Mohamed et al 2021a). In addition, food production must be boosted by 70% by the end of 2050 as a result of the significant increase in the world population (Agha et al 2021). Egypt has suffered from a significant dearth of agricultural water in recent days, particularly since the completion of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Sofy et al 2021c).…”

Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic Micrococcus luteus and Enterobacter cloacae

“…They aid plant growth by producing enzymes, phytohormones, solubilizing minerals, biological nitrogen fixation, mineralizing organic phosphate, generating amino acids, and enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients in the rhizosphere via modifying converting and permeability of nutrients [ 62 ]. Plants can cope with abiotic stress by lowering ethylene levels, producing and accumulating solutes such as glycine betaine proline, and lowering ROS generation using PGPR [ 63 ]. Therefore, the use of PGPR could be considered a key strategy for sustainable agriculture in reducing plant oxidative and osmotic stress [ 64 ].…”

“…In faba bean, endophytic bacteria have been shown to have beneficial benefits when exposed to metals [ 67 ], rice [ 79 ], and sesame [ 80 ]. Endophytic bacteria stimulate plant growth and development under various environmental stresses [ 63 , 81 ], which could be due to endophytic bacteria, especially Micrococcus luteus-mediated improvement of plant mineral nutrients.…”

Appraisal of kinetin spraying strategy to alleviate the harmful effects of UVC stress on tomato plants

“…Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are signaling agents that are widely applied for controlling growth and development activities in crop plants and alleviating the effects of abiotic and biotic stress (Ashry et al 2018;Dawood et al 2021b;Sofy et al 2021d). Among them is kinetin (Kn), a synthetic PGR synthesized from a cytokine, adenine, and implicated in managing the cell expansion and differentiation, leaf, and chloroplast senescence (Agha et al 2021;Dong et al 2009). The application of Kn has been reported to decrease the toxic effects by interacting with other PGRs, including salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid (Acidri et al 2020;Sofy et al 2020).…”