Dual Drug Loaded Potassium-contained Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier in Cocktailed Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Human Breast Cancer

Abstract

Background: In particular, combinatorial use of anticancer drugs, dual or multiple, onto a specific nanocarrier is one of the most hopeful attempts in the field of drug delivery. The current work reports potassium contained graphene oxide (K-GO) as a nanocarrier in the drug delivery system of two anticancer drugs, gefitinib (GEF) and camptothecin (CPT), simultaneously. Methods: To characterize K-GO, K-GO-related single and combined drug systems, different techniques has been performed and studied using spectroscopic tools (Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA 4000), UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)). The in vitro cytotoxicity tests of K-GO, single drug system and the combined drug system were also performed in the human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Results: The release profile of the dual drug conjugates grafted on to the surface of K-GO was found up to 38% in PBS solution over 72hr. The percentage of MDA-MB-231 cell viability were about 18% when treated with K-GO-GEF-CPT combined system, for K-GO, K-GO-GEF, and K-GO-CPT that were only 79 %, 31% and 32 % respectively. Conclusion: We studied the loading, release, and delivery of two anticancer drugs onto the fluorescent nanocarrier i.e. K-GO. Due to superb aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility and richness of potassium in it make them a promising nanocarrier for single or multiple drug delivery. With this, our novel findings revealed that the loading capacity and cytotoxicity of combined drug loaded system superior then that of individual drug system towards human breast cancer cells.

Development of fluorescent epoxy composite with carbon‐based nanomaterial additives derived from agricultural waste

“…The synthesis of nanomaterials was conducted by our previously reported method 1,2 . Briefly, the Q. ilex waste seeds were collected from the forest of Nainital region, India, and washed several times to remove the dirt or other impurities from the material.…”

“…The synthesis of nanomaterials was conducted by our previously reported method. 1,2 Briefly, the Q. ilex waste seeds were collected from the forest of Nainital region, India, and washed several times to remove the dirt or other impurities from the material. Further, the material was dried, and allowed to remove its outer cover in order to collect the inner pale yellow part of the seeds.…”

“…Nanomaterials are a fascinating class of materials that gain attention from the scientific community due to their extraordinary properties and wide range of applications. Agricultural waste substrates are rapidly gaining acceptance for the development of nanomaterials due to their advantages in terms of cost effectiveness, environment, and the waste to wealth theme 1–3 . Also, waste‐derived fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots, carbon dots, and graphene quantum dots have been explored in previous studies 4 .…”

Graphene family in cancer therapy: recent progress in cancer gene/drug delivery applications

“…Tiwari and coworkers 217 employed potassium-contained GO (KGO) grafted with camptothecin (CPT) and gefitinib (GEF) as chemotherapeutic agents to develop a novel fluorescent dual drug-loaded nanocarrier for more efficient cancer therapy. The results indicate that K-GO was highly hydrophilic, which increases its aqueous solubility, and its release profile for anti-cancer drugs was 38% which was able to eliminate 82% of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells after treatment.…”