“…Recently, researchers have been working on integrating watermarking techniques based on wavelet transform coefficients and SVD to improve the robustness of watermarked images against non-geometric and geometric attacks [14], [15], [24], [27], [41], [50], [54]. Furthermore, hybrid schemes that combine these transforms with SVD are very successful in recent years [24], [37], [41].…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the SVDbased scheme, the watermark image is usually placed in the singular value of the cover image [45], [49]. Normally, two common techniques used to insert watermark information into a cover image are: the first technique is to insert the secret image directly into the cover image's singular value [8], [13], [24], [27], [32] and the second technique is to insert the value of the secret image into the cover image's singular value [11], [21]. Mostly literature of digital image watermarking only inserts the secret image's singular value into the cover image's singular value.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Digital watermarking is an effective information embedding scheme so that it's not easily perceived by others. In this scheme, the hidden watermark shouldn't degrade the image quality and it is invisible to provide copyright protection [1]- [5], [11], [21], [27]. The block diagram of the digital image watermarking is shown in Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In semi-blind scheme, additional information is used while extracting watermarks rather than the un-watermarked image [1], [8], [12], [35], [46]. In blind scheme, the embedded secret watermark image is extracted without referring to the cover image [1], [3], [7], [8], [9], [10], [16], [26], [27]. The watermark scheme is often divided into two classes based on human perception, such as visible and non-visible watermarking schemes [1], [8], [12], [26], [27].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The frequency-domain of the cover data is originally broken down into different frequencies. The frequency domain-based watermark schemes are subclassified into discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [52], stationary wavelet transform (SWT) [11], discrete cosine transform (DCT) [14], [19], [27], etc. The DWT divides the image into a series of different sub-bands or sub-images [1], [24].…”
Image watermarking is a robust solution for solving key issues like copyright protection and proof of ownership of digital data. Existing schemes of image watermarking mostly used grayscale or binary images as embedded watermarks, while only a few watermarking schemes are developed for color images. In this paper, we propose a novel robust semi-blind image watermarking scheme based on finite ridgelet transform (FRT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Arnold transform to protect copyright and verify the authenticity of color images. Firstly, the color image is converted from RGB to YCbCr color space, and the luminance component (Y) is taken into account to insert the watermark data. In this study, the principal component (PC) of the watermark image is directly inserted into the corresponding singular value of the cover image by the scaling factor to avoid the false positive problem (FPP). To further improve security, Arnold transform is applied to process the Y channel of the watermark image before inserting it in the cover image. Besides, PSO optimizes the embedding factor matrices. The qualitative evaluation factors like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) are used to assess the visual quality, while normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) is used to assess the resemblance between the watermarked and the restored watermarked images. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using geometric, non-geometric, and combinational attacks, and its comparison is performed with different image watermarking schemes to prove its robustness.
“…Recently, researchers have been working on integrating watermarking techniques based on wavelet transform coefficients and SVD to improve the robustness of watermarked images against non-geometric and geometric attacks [14], [15], [24], [27], [41], [50], [54]. Furthermore, hybrid schemes that combine these transforms with SVD are very successful in recent years [24], [37], [41].…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the SVDbased scheme, the watermark image is usually placed in the singular value of the cover image [45], [49]. Normally, two common techniques used to insert watermark information into a cover image are: the first technique is to insert the secret image directly into the cover image's singular value [8], [13], [24], [27], [32] and the second technique is to insert the value of the secret image into the cover image's singular value [11], [21]. Mostly literature of digital image watermarking only inserts the secret image's singular value into the cover image's singular value.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Digital watermarking is an effective information embedding scheme so that it's not easily perceived by others. In this scheme, the hidden watermark shouldn't degrade the image quality and it is invisible to provide copyright protection [1]- [5], [11], [21], [27]. The block diagram of the digital image watermarking is shown in Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In semi-blind scheme, additional information is used while extracting watermarks rather than the un-watermarked image [1], [8], [12], [35], [46]. In blind scheme, the embedded secret watermark image is extracted without referring to the cover image [1], [3], [7], [8], [9], [10], [16], [26], [27]. The watermark scheme is often divided into two classes based on human perception, such as visible and non-visible watermarking schemes [1], [8], [12], [26], [27].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The frequency-domain of the cover data is originally broken down into different frequencies. The frequency domain-based watermark schemes are subclassified into discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [52], stationary wavelet transform (SWT) [11], discrete cosine transform (DCT) [14], [19], [27], etc. The DWT divides the image into a series of different sub-bands or sub-images [1], [24].…”
Image watermarking is a robust solution for solving key issues like copyright protection and proof of ownership of digital data. Existing schemes of image watermarking mostly used grayscale or binary images as embedded watermarks, while only a few watermarking schemes are developed for color images. In this paper, we propose a novel robust semi-blind image watermarking scheme based on finite ridgelet transform (FRT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Arnold transform to protect copyright and verify the authenticity of color images. Firstly, the color image is converted from RGB to YCbCr color space, and the luminance component (Y) is taken into account to insert the watermark data. In this study, the principal component (PC) of the watermark image is directly inserted into the corresponding singular value of the cover image by the scaling factor to avoid the false positive problem (FPP). To further improve security, Arnold transform is applied to process the Y channel of the watermark image before inserting it in the cover image. Besides, PSO optimizes the embedding factor matrices. The qualitative evaluation factors like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) are used to assess the visual quality, while normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) is used to assess the resemblance between the watermarked and the restored watermarked images. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using geometric, non-geometric, and combinational attacks, and its comparison is performed with different image watermarking schemes to prove its robustness.
SummaryRobust watermarking provides valuable solutions to protect the copyright and secure digital images. In this paper, a robust and transparent watermarking scheme in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain is presented. The watermark is embedded into the difference of two adjacent DCT coefficients located at the same frequency. The embedding process involves optimal selection of adjacent blocks and DCT coefficients positions. For a given DCT block, the optimal selection is to find the coefficient with the lowest DCT frequency that requires the minimal variation to represent the target watermark bit. To insert the watermark, a new quantization index modulation (QIM) based method with irregular distance between continuous quantizers is employed. The performance of the proposed scheme was extensively evaluated using 12 benchmark images and a total of more than 90 attacks per image grouped into nine attack types including JPEG compression, filtering and noise contamination. Furthermore, robustness comparison with state‐of‐the‐art works was conducted, and the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.
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