Dual control of fault intersections on stop-start rupture in the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence

Walters, R. J.; Gregory, L. C.; Wedmore, L. N. J.; Craig, T. J.; McCaffrey, Ken; Wilkinson, M.; Chen, J.; Li, Z.; Elliott, John R.; Goodall, H.; Iezzi, Francesco; Livio, Franz; Michetti, Alessandro Maria; Roberts, Gerald; Vittori, E.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.043

Cited by 111 publications

(197 citation statements)

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“…Such temporal variability could be the result of interactions between active faults within distributed fault networks, despite the fact that the tectonic loading rate may be constant in time and space (e.g., Cowie et al, ; Marzocchi et al, ; Marzocchi & Melini, ; Robinson, ; Robinson et al, ; Wedmore et al, ). Another factor, commonly invoked to explain the irregular recurrence of faults, is the role played by fluids in the fault failure process, as suggested for the 2016 seismic sequence by Walters et al (). The role of fluid migration appears to be relevant for the Apennines and was also observed in the nucleation and evolution of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake sequence (Di Luccio et al, ; Lucente et al, ) and the 1997 Colfiorito sequence (Miller et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Amatrice earthquake produced a continuous ~5.2‐km‐long rupture with an average displacement of 0.13 m (EMERGEO Working Group, ; Pucci et al, ). The Visso earthquake produced a discontinuous surface rupture with a length estimated from a minimum of 7 km (Villani, Pucci, et al, ), up to ~12 km (Walters et al, ), and with an average displacement of 0.11 m. The rupture length of this event is debated as it was mapped with lower detail and completeness with respect to the other two quakes, due to the very limited time before the following largest Norcia event (Figure S2). The Norcia event overprinted and magnified surface ruptures from the two previous mainshocks, thus producing as a whole a nearly 28‐km‐long surface rupture with average dip slip of 0.45 m that frequently exceeded 1 m and a maximum peak of 2.1 m in the 2‐km‐long section running along the Mt.…”

Section: The 2016 Surface Faulting and Implications For Paleoseismologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

et al. 2019

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We integrate paleoseismic data sets along the Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove normal fault system rupturing at the surface in the 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake. Through the analysis of new trenches from this work and a review of the preexisting data, we correlate events among trench sites along antithetic and synthetic fault splays. We recognize seven M 6.5, 2016 Norcia‐type (or larger) surface‐faulting events in the last ~22 kyr, including 2016. Before 2016, one event occurred in the past two millennia (260–575 CE) and possibly corresponds to the event damaging Rome in 443 or 484/508 CE. Three previous events occurred between 10590 and 415 BCE, whereas the two oldest ones date between 19820 and 16540 BCE. The average recurrence time is 3,360–3,640 years for the last ~22 kyr and 1,220–1,970 years for the last ~4 kyr. We infer a minimum dip‐slip rate of 0.26–0.38 mm/year on the master fault in the central portion of the Mt. Vettore–Mt. Bove normal fault system and a dip‐slip rate of at least 0.10 mm/year on the southernmost portion. We infer a Middle–Late Pleistocene inception of the long‐term scarp of the investigated splays. The along‐strike variation of slip rates well reproduces the trend of the 2016 surface slip; thus, the time window exposed in the trenches is representative for the present fault activity. Based on trenching data, different earthquake rupture scenarios should be also considered for local hazard assessment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The 2016 Surface Faulting and Implications For Paleoseismologymentioning

confidence: 99%

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

et al. 2019

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“…It is unclear because on the 30 October 2016, before field surveys of the 26 October earthquakes, a M w 6.5 earthquake ruptured the total length of the Mt. Vettore fault, rerupturing locations that slipped in the 24 August 2016 earthquake and perhaps those on the 26 October (see Figures , , and ; Calderoni et al, ; Cheloni et al, ; Chiaraluce et al, ; Civico et al, ; Falcucci et al, ; Ferrario & Livio, ; Lavecchia et al, ; Mildon et al, ; Pavlides et al, ; Perouse et al, ; Pizzi et al, ; Porreca et al, ; Scognamiglio et al, ; Verdecchia et al, ; Villani, Civico, et al, ; Villani, Pucci, et al, ; Walters et al, ). Meter‐scale offset across surface ruptures was measured with near‐field 1‐Hz global navigation satellite system for the 30 October ruptures, revealing that the ruptures formed within 2–4 s and, before peak ground acceleration, supporting the primary tectonic origin of the ruptures (Wilkinson et al, ; Figure ).…”

Section: Geologic Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coseismic Throw Variation Across Along‐Strike Bends on Active Normal Faults: Implications for Displacement Versus Length Scaling of Earthquake Ruptures

et al. 2018

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Fault bends, and associated changes in fault dip, play a key role in explaining the scatter in maximum offset versus surface rupture length fault scaling relationships. Detailed field measurements of the fault geometry and magnitude of slip in the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence, alongside three examples from large historical normal‐faulting earthquakes in different tectonic settings, provide multiple examples in which coseismic throw increases across bends in fault strike where dip also increases beyond what is necessary to accommodate a uniform slip vector. Coseismic surface ruptures produced by two mainshocks of the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence (24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 and 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5) cross a ~0.83‐km amplitude along‐strike bend, and the coseismic throws for both earthquakes increase by a factor of 2–3, where the strike of the fault changes by ~28o and the dip increases by 20–25o. We present similar examples from historical normal faulting earthquakes (1887, Sonora earthquake, Mw 7.5; 1981, Corinth earthquakes, Mw 6.7–6.4; and 1983, Borah Peak earthquake, Mw 7.3). We demonstrate that it is possible to estimate the expected change in throw across a bend by applying equations that relate strike, dip, and slip vector to horizontal strain conservation along a nonplanar fault for a single earthquake rupture. The calculated slip enhancement in bends can explain much of the scatter in maximum displacement (Dmax) versus surface rupture length scaling relationships. If fault bends are unrecognized, they can introduce variation in Dmax that may lead to erroneous inferences of stress drop variability for earthquakes, and exaggerate maximum earthquake magnitudes derived from vertical offsets in paleoseismic data sets.

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“…A comparison of ICP measurements close to the rupture with those measurements at greater (Coleman & Li, 1996;Okada, 1985). Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is limited by pixel size and incoherence across such narrow zones of faulting-Sentinel-1 interferograms across this section of fault are generally incoherent within at least 1 km of the fault (Walters et al, 2018). See supporting information for more information on the modeling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bove fault system (Figure 1; Walters et al, 2018). The sequence featured three M > 6 earthquakes over a period of 3 months that combined to rupture the Mt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioned Off‐Fault Deformation in the 2016 Norcia Earthquake Captured by Differential Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Wedmore

Gregory

McCaffrey

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Field measurements of coseismic fault slip often differ from surface slip models derived from satellite geodesy. Quantifying these differences is challenging as many geodetic techniques inadequately image near‐fault deformation. We use an iterative closest point algorithm to difference preearthquake and postearthquake terrestrial laser scanning point clouds to reveal centimeter‐scale patterns of surface deformation caused by shallow fault slip in the 2016 Mw 6.6 Norcia (Central Italy) earthquake. Terrestrial laser scanning offsets are constant along the fault and match average field measurements. Eighty‐four percent of vertical displacement occurs on a discrete fault zone, with 16% of deformation distributed across a narrow zone <4 m wide. In contrast, horizontal deformation is distributed over an 8‐m‐wide zone with approximately 50% of extension accommodated as off‐fault deformation (OFD). The centimeter‐scale observation of deformation shows that horizontal and vertical coseismic OFD is partitioned—in this case, OFD is dominated by horizontal deformation.

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Dual control of fault intersections on stop-start rupture in the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence

Cited by 111 publications

References 49 publications

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

22‐kyr‐Long Record of Surface Faulting Along the Source of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake (Central Apennines, Italy), From Integrated Paleoseismic Data Sets

Coseismic Throw Variation Across Along‐Strike Bends on Active Normal Faults: Implications for Displacement Versus Length Scaling of Earthquake Ruptures

Partitioned Off‐Fault Deformation in the 2016 Norcia Earthquake Captured by Differential Terrestrial Laser Scanning

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