DTX5c, a new OA sulphate ester derivative from cultures of Prorocentrum belizeanum

Cruz, Patricia G.; Daranas, Antonio Hernández; Fernández, José J.; Souto, Marı́a L.; Norte, Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.03.005

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Absence of sulphated forms was confirmed in cultures of P. lima (strain PL2V) (Paz et al 2007). In contrast, large amounts of DTX5c-like sulphated toxins were found in cultures of P. belizeanum (strain PBMA01) grown under the same experimental conditions and with the application of identical toxin-extraction procedures (Cruz et al 2006). These results led the latter authors to the hypothesis that diol-esters are intermediate forms, derived from OA, which may give way to sulphated compounds as final products following an elongation of the side chain of OA.…”

Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In cultures of the epibenthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust, DTX5a and DTX5b-like sulphated esters are derived from enol-esters with C7 and C8 side chains, respectively (Hu et al 1995a), whereas in cultures of P. belizeanum Faust (which produces an ester with a C10 side chain) the sulphated form produced was DTX5c (Cruz et al 2006). DTX4, another sulphated form derived from OA-D8, was found in cultures of P. lima (Hu et al 1995b).…”

Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, if sulphated forms of OA in the samples had suffered enzymatic hydrolisis during collection, at least trace amounts of these toxins should be present and easy to detect in the chromatograms (Quilliam et al 1996). Further, DTX5c was detected, purified and characterized from unboiled Prorocentrum belizeanum cultures (Cruz et al 2006). Our samples were handled with extreme care and the plankton concentrates resuspended in methanol on board immediately after collection.…”

Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth, behaviour and cell toxin quota of Dinophysis acuta during a daily cycle

Pizarro

Escalera²,

González-Gil³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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), a high frequency of dead cells (up to 15%) and cells with starch granules (up to 93%), and no evidence of recent mixotrophic behaviour. Still, the cells, which did not perform vertical migration, aggregated around salinity-driven density discontinuities in the top 5 m and had a high cell toxin quota (determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) for this species. A 3.5-fold difference was found between maximum (during the night) and minimum values of cell toxin quota. Okadaic acid (OA) was the predominant toxin and changes in cell quota of different toxins showed different daily patterns in the content of okadaiates and pectenotoxins; thus, the toxin profile is influenced by the time of sampling. Dissolved toxins (adsorbed by resins in passive samplers from 8 to 14 November) also reached annual maxima and reflected the vertical distribution of D. acuta cells. These results emphasize the need to parameterize physiological conditions and behaviour of Dinophysis populations during different phases of the population growth and hydrodynamic scenarios.

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Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Considerations On Diol-ester Production Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth, behaviour and cell toxin quota of Dinophysis acuta during a daily cycle

Pizarro

Escalera²,

González-Gil³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…DTX4 is a water-soluble sulfated ester derivative of OA, initially isolated from P. lima culture (Hu et al, 1995a). This was followed by the discovery of the sulfated esters DTX5a and DTX5b in a culture of P. maculosum (Hu et al, 1995b), and DTX5c from a culture of Prorocentrum belizeanum (Cruz et al, 2006). Cruz and co-workers suggested that different phytoplankton species can be associated with the production of specific enol esters and that sulfate derivatives of each reported diol-ester exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

Fux

Smith

Tong

et al. 2011

Toxicon

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a b s t r a c tMarine dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis can produce toxins of the okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTX) groups. These lipophilic toxins accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and cause an illness in consumers called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In 2008, a bloom of Dinophysis led to the closure of shellfish harvesting areas along the Texas coast, one of the first DSP-related closures in the U.S. This event resulted in a broad study of toxin production in isolates of Dinophysis spp. from U.S. waters. In the present study, we compared toxin profiles in geographical isolates of Dinophysis collected in the U.S. (Eel Pond, Woods Hole MA; Martha's Vineyard, MA; and Port Aransas Bay, Texas), and in those from Canada (Blacks Harbour, Bay of Fundy) and Chile (Reloncavi Estuary), when cultured in the laboratory under the same conditions. For each isolate, the mitochondrial cox1 gene was sequenced to assist in species identification. Strains from the northeastern U.S. and Canada were all assigned to Dinophysis acuminata, while those from Chile and Texas were most likely within the D. acuminata complex whereas precise species designation could not be made with this marker. Toxins were detected in all Dinophysis isolates and each isolate had a different profile. Toxin profiles of isolates from Eel Pond, Martha's Vineyard, and Bay of Fundy were most similar, in that they all contained OA, DTX1, and PTX2. The Eel Pond isolate also contained OA-D8 and DTX1-D7, and low levels (unconfirmed structurally) of DTX1-D8 and DTX1-D9. D. acuminata from Martha's Vineyard produced DTX1-D7, along with OA, DTX1, and PTX2, as identified in both the cells and the culture medium. D. acuminata from the Bay of Fundy produced DTX1 and PTX2, as found in both cells and culture medium, while only trace amounts of OA were detected in the medium. The Dinophysis strain from Texas only produced OA, and the one from Chile only PTX2, as confirmed in both cells and culture medium.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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“…Information on abundance, seasonal distribution, and toxicity of several Prorocentrum species (potential DSP toxin producers) has been reported (Ten-Hage et al 2000, Foden et al 2005, Cruz et al 2006, Maranda et al 2007a. In addition, field observations on the population dynamics of Dinophysis species have been carried out in various areas (Koike et al 2001, Nishitani et al 2002, Lindahl et al 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature on production of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and pectenotoxin-2 by Dinophysis acuminata in culture experiments

Kamiyama¹,

Nagai²,

Suzuki³

et al. 2010

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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We cultivated Dinophysis acuminata, a mixotrophic dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning worldwide, at different temperatures by providing a mixotrophic ciliate Myrionecta rubra as a food source. We examined the effects of temperature on growth rates and monitored production of the toxins okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Cell densities of D. acuminata increased at temperatures of 10, 14, 18, and 22°C, and the mean specific growth rates during the exponential growth phase were higher at higher temperatures (0.14 to 0.28 d -1 ). The concentration of all toxins increased as cell densities increased. The mean cellular PTX2 content during the exponential growth phase was greater at lower temperatures, but clear differences in the other toxin concentrations in relation to temperature were not observed. The cellular content of OA and DTX1 significantly increased during the exponential growth phase at all temperatures except at 10°C for OA, whereas that of PTX2 did not significantly increase at temperatures greater than 10°C. Cellular toxin production rates temporarily increased at or just before the end of the exponential growth phase at 14, 18, and 22°C, and the mean rates for OA production over the entire incubation period were higher at higher temperatures. Our results indicate that increasing temperature generally stimulates toxin production in D. acuminata populations due to an increase in cell density, but cellular content and production rates of OA and PTX2 in response to temperature differ and are influenced by growth phase.KEY WORDS: Dinophysis acuminata · Growth rate · Temperature · Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning · Myrionecta rubra · Okadaic acid · Dinophysistoxin-1 · Pectenotoxin-2 60: 193-202, 2010 rally (MacKenzie et al. 2005, Lindahl et al. 2007). The toxin content of Dinophysis spp. can change markedly over an investigation period , Miyazono et al. 2008, and nontoxic D. acuminata has been observed (Hoshiai et al. 1997). Little is known, however, about the cellular dynamics of Dinophysis toxin production, and factors influencing toxin variations have not been examined due to the inability to culture Dinophysis spp. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb EcolSince the first successful cultivation of Dinophysis acuminata by Park et al. (2006), physiological characteristics of other Dinophysis species from laboratory culture experiments have been reported (Kim et al. 2008, Nagai et al. 2008, Nishitani et al. 2008a Temperature may be one of the more important environmental factors influencing population dynamics and cell toxin content of Dinophysis species because growth rates of plankton generally increase with increasing temperature within a certain range. This leads us to assume that the production of cellular DSP and lipophilic toxins by Dinophysis species also depends on environmental temperature.Our present study was conducted to clar...

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DTX5c, a new OA sulphate ester derivative from cultures of Prorocentrum belizeanum

Cited by 34 publications

References 12 publications

Growth, behaviour and cell toxin quota of Dinophysis acuta during a daily cycle

Growth, behaviour and cell toxin quota of Dinophysis acuta during a daily cycle

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

Effect of temperature on production of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and pectenotoxin-2 by Dinophysis acuminata in culture experiments

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