“…In contrast, equilibrium particle methods are intended specifically for continuum flow simulation, and differ from DSMC primarily in procedures for updating particle velocities during each time step. In place of simulated binary collisions involving some fraction of particles in each cell, all particles may experience multiple collisions per time step -as in DSMC collision limiter schemes [3][4][5] -or collision procedures may be replaced by a resampling step, where new particle velocities are sampled from a Maxwellian distribution in such a way that total momentum and energy are conserved [6,7]. By enforcing local thermal equilibrium in every cell during each time step, these methods effectively reproduce characteristics of the Boltzmann equation at the equilibrium limit, and are assumed to provide results equivalent to a numerical solution of the compressible Euler equations.…”