DSM-5-TR prolonged grief disorder levels after natural, COVID-19, and unnatural loss during the COVID-19 pandemic

Lenferink, Lonneke; Boelen, Paul A.

doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100516

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…The COVID-19 health crisis, for example, could have been a risk factor for PGD and blocking the mourning process as the death was accompanied by extremely inconvenient circumstances (e.g., no possibility for funeral rites), feelings of guilt (potential contamination), and suddenness of the death. Although some studies demonstrated increased impact of COVID-related losses on PGD severity compared to natural losses (e.g., Eisma and Tamminga, 2020 ; Eisma et al, 2021 ; Edwards et al, 2023 ), other studies did not find a different impact of COVID- versus nonCOVID-related (unnatural, natural) deaths on PGD severity (Lenferink and Boelen, 2023 ). Differences between studies may be due to methodological differences including the used measurement tools and time since loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bereavement Issues and Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Global Perspective

Hilberdink,

Ghainder,

Dubanchet

et al. 2023

Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health

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The death of a loved one – bereavement – is a universal experience that marks the human mental health condition. Grief – the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to bereavement – is thus experienced by virtually everyone at some point in life, while mourning is a process through which grievers come to terms with the loss envisioning life without the deceased. Although distress subsides over time among most bereaved individuals, a minority will develop a condition recently identified as prolonged grief disorder (PGD). The present review provides a global perspective on bereavement, grief reactions, and PGD. Although the loss of a loved one and grief reactions are in general experienced consistently across different cultures, differences and variations in their expression may exist across cultures. Especially within specific populations that may be more at risk for PGD, possibly due to risk factors associated with the mechanisms of loss (e.g., refugees, migrants, and conflict survivors). The diagnostic criteria for PGD are mostly based on Western grieving populations, and cultural adaptations of PGD treatments are limited. Therefore, cross-cultural development and validation of PGD screening/assessment is critical to support future research on grief reactions and PGD, especially in non-Western contexts, and concerning the potential future global changes and challenges that appear to have a major impact on PGD. More transcultural research on PGD is needed to contextualize and will lead to culture-bound symptom identification of PGD, and the adaptation of current treatment protocols, which may ultimately improve health at the individual level, and health-care systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bereavement Issues and Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Global Perspective

Hilberdink,

Ghainder,

Dubanchet

et al. 2023

Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Mourning in the time of coronavirus: Examining how grief differs in those who lost loved ones to COVID-19 vs. natural causes in Iran

Aliyaki,

Momeni,

Dolatshahi

et al. 2024

Pall Supp Care

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Objectives Our study aimed to analyze and compare the grief experiences of individuals in Iran who lost family members to COVID-19 and those who lost loved ones to other natural causes. Methods In this study, telephone interviews were conducted with 640 first-degree relatives, and finally, a total of 395 people remained in the research. Participants answered the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire (PG-13-R) and Grief Experience Questionnaire. Results The results showed that the most common symptoms and features of grief were feeling guilt, searching for an explanation, somatic reactions, and rejection, with no significant difference observed between the 2 death groups. However, the average scores for these symptoms were higher in the COVID-19 death group. Moreover, the majority of bereaved reported signs and symptoms of prolonged grief, with a higher percentage in the COVID-19 death group, although there was no significant difference between the 2 death groups in terms of the distribution of symptoms and signs of prolonged grief. These findings suggest that the bereavement process can be challenging, and losing a loved one to COVID-19 may lead to more intense experiences of grief. Significance of results The study reveals high levels of guilt, searching for meaning, somatic reactions, and rejection among COVID-19 grievers. Losing loved ones to the pandemic appears linked to more intense, prolonged grief symptoms.

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Prevalence of Prolonged Grief Disorder and Related Clinical Factors Among Turkish Psychiatric Outpatients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıldırım

2023

Omega (Westport)

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Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a new diagnosis in some classification systems, has gained prominence due to the high mortality rates observed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Herein, the prevalence of PGD (diagnosed with structured clinical interviews), death-related features, and associated clinical factors were investigated among outpatient psychiatric patients who lost a first-degree relative within the past 12–24 months. PGD was diagnosed in 30/68 patients (44.1%). PGD development did not differ based on cause of death (Covid-19-related vs. other causes) but was associated with higher age of the bereaved, younger age of the deceased, and degree of kinship. Higher rates of depression, insomnia, and anxious attachment were also observed in PGD patients. Finally, the unexpectedness of death predicted the development of PGD. Due to the high prevalence of PGD among psychiatric patients, clinicians should be aware of the disorder, monitor grief processes in high-risk patients, and consider PGD in treatment planning.

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DSM-5-TR prolonged grief disorder levels after natural, COVID-19, and unnatural loss during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Bereavement Issues and Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Global Perspective

Bereavement Issues and Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Global Perspective

Mourning in the time of coronavirus: Examining how grief differs in those who lost loved ones to COVID-19 vs. natural causes in Iran

Prevalence of Prolonged Grief Disorder and Related Clinical Factors Among Turkish Psychiatric Outpatients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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