Dryopteris juxtapostia Root and Shoot: Determination of Phytochemicals; Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Hepatoprotective Effects; and Toxicity Assessment

Abstract

An estimated 450 species of Dryopteris in the Dryoperidaceae family grow in Japan, North and South Korea, China, Pakistan, and Kashmir. This genus has been reported to have biological capabilities; however, research has been conducted on Dryopteris juxtapostia. Therefore, with the present study, we aimed to exploring the biological potential of D. juxtapostia root and shoot extracts. We extracted dichloromethane and methanol separately from the roots and shoots of D. juxtapostia. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using both in vitro (antiurease activity) and in vivo (carrageenan- and formaldehyde-induced paw edema) studies. Toxicity was evaluated by adopting a brine shrimp lethality assay followed by determination of cytotoxic activity using an MTT assay. Hepatoprotective effects of active crude extracts were examined in rats. Activity-bearing compounds were tentatively identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results suggested that D. juxtapostia root dichloromethane extract exhibited better antioxidant (DPPH, IC50 of 42.0 µg/mL; FRAP, 46.2 mmol/g; H2O2, 71% inhibition), anti-inflammatory (urease inhibition, 56.7% at 50 µg/mL; carrageenan-induced edema inhibition, 61.7% at 200 µg/mL; formaldehyde-induced edema inhibition, 67.3% at 200 µg/mL), brine shrimp % mortality (100% at 1000 µg/mL), and cytotoxic (HeLa cancer, IC50 of 17.1 µg/mL; prostate cancer (PC3), IC50 of 45.2 µg/mL) effects than D. juxtapostia root methanol extract. D. juxtapostia shoot dichloromethane and methanol extracts exhibited non-influential activity in all biological assays and were not selected for hepatoprotective study. D. juxtapostia root methanol extract showed improvement in hepatic cell structure and low cellular infiltration but, in contrast the dichloromethane extract, did not show any significant improvement in hepatocyte morphology, cellular infiltration, or necrosis of hepatocytes in comparison to the positive control, i.e., paracetamol. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of albaspidin PP, 3-methylbutyryl-phloroglucinol, flavaspidic acid AB and BB, filixic acid ABA and ABB, tris-desaspidin BBB, tris-paraaspidin BBB, tetra-flavaspidic BBBB, tetra-albaspidin BBBB, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside in the dichloromethane extract, whereas kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, quinic acid, liquitrigenin, and quercetin 7-O-galactoside in were detected in the methanol extract, along with all the compounds detected in the dichloromethane extract. Hence, D. juxtapostia is safe, alongside other species of this genus, although detailed safety assessment of each isolated compound is obligatory during drug discovery.

Effect of Growth Stages and Lactic Acid Fermentation on Anti-Nutrients and Nutritional Attributes of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

“…The antioxidant potential of spinach and its therapeutic role against various health disorders (such as stomach problems, colon, prostrate and liver cancers, cardiovascular disorders and digestive problems) can be better understood by exhibiting its inhibitory impact and protective role. Phenolic compounds are natural phytonutrients known for redox properties which help these natural compounds to act as antioxidants [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. The spinach exhibited the lowest content of total phenolics in both fermented and non-fermented groups prepared with water when compared with all other solutions ( Table 4 ).…”

Antioxidant Effect of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil and Its Effect on Cooking Qualities of Supplemented Chicken Nuggets

“…It can be stated that high antioxidant activity could be attained by adding the bioactive compounds quantified in this study. A plethora of literature showed a positive relationship between specific bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. In an earlier study, the antioxidant activity of OB-EO was reported as IC 50 6.68 mg/mL and 62.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g in DPPH and FRAP assay, respectively, and was ascribed to the presence of α-pinene, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, linalool, and linalyl acetate [ 45 ], supporting the findings of the present study.…”

Advances in the Astonishing World of Phytochemicals: State-of-the-Art for Antioxidants

“…The study demonstrated that both extracts exerted radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory and antitumoral effects in vitro as well as hepatoprotective actions in rats. D. juxtapostia root dichloromethane extracts exhibited the highest biological potential compared to other extracts, thus demonstrating the importance of using dichloromethane to obtain extracts enriched in phenolic components [ 9 ].…”