Drying of salt solutions in porous materials: Intermediate-time dynamics and efflorescence

Guglielmini, Laura; Gontcharov, Alexandre; Aldykiewicz, Antonio J.; Stone, Howard A.

doi:10.1063/1.2954037

Cited by 55 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The equation for convective-diffusive salt transport in porous media can be written in dimensionless form as [12,16]:…”

Section: Salt Crust Formation Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have addressed crystal growth in pores and ensuing damage [3,9,28,[31][32][33], the mechanisms of efflorescence and subflorescence, as well as their emergence as part of transport/evaporation processes [8,12,18,24,29,35,38]. However, the formation and physical properties of salt crusts remain poorly known, primarily due to their thin and fragile characteristics that challenge laboratory experiments [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

2015

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The salt concentration gradually increases at the soil free surface when the evaporation rate exceeds the diffusive counter transport. Eventually, salt precipitates and crystals form a porous sodium chloride crust with a porosity of 0.43 ± 0.14. After detaching from soils, the salt crust still experiences water condensation and salt deliquescence at the bottom, brine transport across the crust driven by the humidity gradient, and continued air-side precipitation. This transport mechanism allows salt crust migration away from the soil surface at a rate of 5 lm/h forming salt domes above soil surfaces. The surface characteristics of mineral substrates and the evaporation rate affect the morphology and the crystal size of precipitated salt. In particular, substrate hydrophobicity and low evaporation rate suppress salt spreading.

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“…The equation for convective-diffusive salt transport in porous media can be written in dimensionless form as [12,16]:…”

Section: Salt Crust Formation Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

2015

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“…As water evaporates from cement, the solute concentration near the drying surface increases, so the solute tends to diffuse toward the interior. Guglielmini et al (2008) have shown that the solute concentration at the drying surface, c, rises with time, t, during the constant rate period according to…”

Section: Transport Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying, Shrinkage, and Cracking of Cementitious Materials

Scherer

2015

Transp Porous Med

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Concrete is a heterogeneous, reactive, viscoelastic material whose shrinkage during drying often results in cracking that compromises its durability. This paper reviews the principles of shrinkage and stress development during drying of cement paste and concrete, taking particular account of the changes in microstructure as the cement hydrates, which profoundly influence the transport and mechanical properties of the body.

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“…The dynamic equilibrium between evaporative flux (drying) and advective supply of solution to the evaporation front dictates the transition height from efflorescence to subflorescence ( Fig. 3a and b) [7,13,45,47].…”

Section: Capillary Risementioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

Flatt¹,

Aly

Caruso

et al. 2017

RILEM Tech Lett

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Salt crystallization represents one of the major causes for the degradation of building and ornamental stone. As such, it has attracted the attention of researchers, who over the years have progressively unraveled most mechanisms involved in salt damage. Despite this mechanistic understanding, many questions subsist about how to quantitatively predict damage or its progression, and in particular how to relate performance on site to that in laboratory tests. In this context, a new RILEM TC 271-ASC has been started with the objective of defining laboratory tests that deliver more reliable predictions of field behavior. One deliverable of this TC is to provide a theoretical insight into this question based on recent progress on the understanding of salt damage. This paper presents a summary of this work, highlighting key aspects relating to crystallization pressure, chemo-mechanics and mass transport. Implications are discussed in relation to the most used accelerated salt crystallization tests in an attempt to better define which field exposure conditions that these tests best represent and may be used for, or define effective test procedures representing specific field conditions. A simple conceptual model for the development of salt damage is introduced. During an initial "induction" phase, transport of ions and accumulation of salt in the porous materials occurs without causing detectable damage until a critical point, termed "damage onset" is reached. Beyond this point, during the "propagation phase", the material degrades, typically losing strength and cohesiveness. The implications of these two phases are discussed in relation to the selection of appropriate salt weathering tests and conservation interventions.

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Drying of salt solutions in porous materials: Intermediate-time dynamics and efflorescence

Cited by 55 publications

References 13 publications

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

Drying, Shrinkage, and Cracking of Cementitious Materials

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

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