Drying and processing protocols affect the quantification of cyanogenic glucosides in forage sorghum

Gleadow, Roslyn M.; Møldrup, Morten Emil; O'Donnell, Natalie H; Stuart, Peter

doi:10.1002/jsfa.5752

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…LC-MS analysis of the samples from the Maricopa experiment confirmed that cyanide was present as dhurrin and showed a very high correlation between evolved cyanide and the concentration of dhurrin measured directly by LCMS (y = 1.066x − 84.7, R 2 = 0.85) . Previous experiments showed that dhurrin is preserved in oven-dried tissue over two years (Fox et al, 2012;Gleadow et al, 2012). Retesting of samples reported in after storing under similar conditions for 8 years (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) was not significantly different, with a cyanide concentration of 1.20 ± 0.40, compared with the original value of 1.41 ± 0.10 (P = 0.21).…”

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and stems of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent

Gleadow

Ottman

Kimball

et al. 2016

Field Crops Research

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a b s t r a c tSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the world's fifth most important crop, grown for forage, grain, and as a biofuel. Fast growing and drought tolerant, it is increasingly being planted as a climate changeready alternative to maize. All parts of the sorghum plant except the grain contain the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which breaks down to release hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid) when plant tissue is disrupted. Fresh forage, hay and silage may be toxic to stock when derived from plants that are young, droughted or heavily fertilized. Sorghum also stores nitrate, which can cause nitrite toxicity. The impact of elevated CO 2 on dhurrin and nitrate concentration is unknown. It is important to understand how global environmental change will affect composition in order to be able to predict the safety of the crop in coming decades. Sorghum was grown experimentally at elevated CO 2 in two free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiments at ambient and elevated CO 2 (ca. 550 ppm) and either irrigated regularly or only once after sowing in consecutive years and sampled at different stages of development. Since FACE-grown sorghum has been shown to have improved water status we hypothesized that they would contain less dhurrin. We found the most important factors governing cyanide concentration were (in decreasing order): plant age, irrigation treatment and tissue type. For nitrate, tissue type was by far the most important factor, followed by plant age, and then irrigation treatment. The concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere had no significant effect on the total nitrogen concentration, or the concentrations of cyanide and nitrate. As sorghum is becomes more widely used for forage, it will be important to have simple methods to assess the cyanide levels in the field or to develop new, low cyanogenic varieties to ensure that it is safe for grazing.

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Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and stems of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent

Gleadow

Ottman

Kimball

et al. 2016

Field Crops Research

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“…This can damage the cell wall and alter consequently the shape is distorted and degradation is accelerated ( Martino and Zaritzky, 1988 ). Freeze and thaw cycles may also breakup the cell walls and release non-nutritious and toxic substances ( Gleadow et al, 2012 ). Such cycles particularly alter cellulose content of the silage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Freezing and Supplementation of Molasses and Inoculants on Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Sunflower Silage

Konca

Beyzi

Ayaşan³

et al. 2016

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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This study was conducted to determine the effects of freezing and supplementation of molasses (M), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and LAB+enzyme mixture on chemical and nutritional composition of sunflower silage (SF). Sunflower crops were harvested (at about 29.2%±1.2% dry matter) and half of fresh sunflower was ensiled alone and half was frozen (F) at −20°C for 7 days. Silage additives were admixed into frozen SF material. All samples were ensiled in glass jars with six replicates for 90 days. The treatments were as follows: i) positive control (non-frozen and no additives, NF), ii) negative control (frozen, no additives, F), iii) F+5% molasses (FM), iv) F+LAB (1.5 g/tons, Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium, FLAB); v) F+LAB+enzyme (2 g/tons Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium and cellulase and amylase enzymes, FLEN). Freezing silage increased dry matter, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin. The organic matter, total digestible nutrient, non-fiber carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and in vitro dry matter digestibility were negatively influenced by freezing treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, freezing sunflower plants prior to ensiling may negatively affect silage quality, while molasses supplementation improved some quality traits of frozen silage. Lactic acid bacteria and LAB+enzyme inoculations did not effectively compensate the negative impacts of freezing on sunflower silage.

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“…One whole leaf was harvested from 10 different plants per plot (Loyd & Gray, 1970 ) and packaged into a ziplock bag and stored into a cooler from which fresh samples were tested for HCN‐P immediately in the laboratory. Fresh tissue was used because processes such as freeze‐drying samples are known to alter HCN‐P concentrations (Gleadow et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation in hydrogen cyanide potential of perennial sorghum evaluated by colorimetry

et al. 2022

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Both annual and perennial sorghum biomass serve as important forage for ruminant animals around the world. Unfortunately, sorghum can produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which, if occurring in high enough concentrations, can be toxic or lethal to animals that consume it. The objectives of this study were to develop a fast and inexpensive colorimetric assay to measure the hydrogen cyanide potential (HCN‐P) as well as to compare this with existing visual assays while assessing the range of variation for HCN‐P among perennial and annual sorghum biomass. The HCN‐P of 100 sorghum lines derived from an interspecific hybridization program was determined over 2 years (establishment and regrowth) using both visual and colorimetric assays. Visual assessment underestimated the HCN‐P and was less accurate than colorimetry. Repeatability for HCN‐P across all sampling dates was functionally zero in the visual assessment and low for the colorimetric assay. This was mostly explained by the significant pedigree × year interaction effects and growth stage. Growth stage substantially influenced HCN‐P, which should be considered when feeding animals on fresh forage.

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Drying and processing protocols affect the quantification of cyanogenic glucosides in forage sorghum

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and stems of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent

Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and stems of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent

The Effects of Freezing and Supplementation of Molasses and Inoculants on Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Sunflower Silage

Genetic variation in hydrogen cyanide potential of perennial sorghum evaluated by colorimetry

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