Dry Sliding Friction of Tool Steels and Their Comparison of Wear in Contact with ZrO2 and X46Cr13

Abstract

Tool steels are used in stamping, shearing processes, and as cutting tools due to their good mechanical properties. During their working cycle, steels are subject to aggressive conditions such as heat stress, fatigue, and wear. In this paper, three tool steels, namely X153CrMoV12, X37CrMoV5-1, and X45NiCrMo4 were selected against two types of bearing balls, ZrO2 and X46Cr1. All measurements were performed on a UMT TriboLab universal tribometric instrument under dry conditions. The main objective of the experiment was to analyze and compare tool steel wear in contact with two kinds of bearing balls with a diameter of 4.76 mm. This evaluation is focused on the hardness, surface roughness, and microstructure of all samples and on the impact of the input parameters on the resulting wear. All three types of tool steels were measured in the basic annealed state and, subsequently, in the state after hardening and tempering. Experimental results show that tool steels, belonging to high strength steels, can successfully represent wear resistant steels. The content of carbide elements, their size, and shape in the microstructure play an important role in the friction process and subsequent wear. Three types of loads were used and compared in the experiments 30, 60, and 90 N. Increasing the load results in significant degradation of the material on the sample surface. Lastly, the impact of hardness and roughness of materials on wear has also been proven. If abrasive wear occurs in the friction process, there is a greater degree of wear than that of adhesive wear. This is due to less abrasive particles, which behave like a cutting wedge and are subject to subsequent deformation strengthening due to the load increase, which adversely affects the further friction process. Analysis of the results showed that the ZrO2 ceramic ball showed significantly better wear values when compared to the X46Cr13 stainless steel ball. It also improves the values of the coefficient of friction with respect to the type of wear that occurs when the experimental materials and counterparts are in contact.

Preparation of Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate Coatings on Sandblasted/Acid-Etched Titanium for Enhancing Its Osteoinductivity and Friction/Corrosion Resistance

“…The initial trend of irregular growth may be related to the friction adaptation period. 48 It was also observed that the COF value of SLA was slightly higher than other two groups during the stable period. And as shown as Figure 6C , the average COF of SLA (0.7 ± 0.04) was slightly higher than SLA-ZrP0.5 (0.6 ± 0.02) and SLA-ZrP0.7 (0.6 ± 0.03).…”

Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of WC-10Cr3C2-12Ni Coating for Ball Mill Liner Application

“…During the reciprocating motion, the WC ball produces alternating shear stress and compressive stress on the coating surface, which repeatedly acts on hard phases and binder phases (Figure 10a). However, different contact states will lead to different wear results [30]. The shear stress on the coating surface and the contact state of tribo-pairs will change due to the size of the particles participating in the friction, thus resulting in different wear mechanisms.…”

Study of the Influence of the Copper Component’s Shape on the Properties of the Friction Material Used in Brakes—Part One, Tribological Properties

“…Tests using ball contact are also performed, for example, in chambers with regulated conditions, e.g., temperature [ 32 ]. Counter-samples of various shapes are also used, e.g., a cylinder cooperating with a sphere with its side [ 33 ] or front surface [ 34 ]. Using it to study composite materials, e.g., friction materials, requires proper planning of the experiment.…”