Dry reforming of methane catalysed by molten metal alloys

Palmer, Clarke; Upham, D. Chester; Smart, Simon; Gordon, Michael J.; Metiu, Horia; McFarland, Eric W.

doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0416-2

Cited by 190 publications

(180 citation statements)

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“…CH 4 is the most thermodynamically stable alkane and has a first bond dissociation energy as high as 439.3 kJ mol −1 [2, 8] . The chemical inertness of CH 4 make its conversion energy‐intensive, reflected by industrial production of hydrogen (H 2 ) based on the highly endothermic methane steam reforming (MSR, CH 4 +2 H 2 O⇌CO 2 +4 H 2 ) at temperatures higher than 700 °C [6, 7, 9] . Upon such huge input energy to active CH 4 ( E a1 , see inset of Figure 1 a), the weak oxidation product (C 2 H 4 ) with lower activation energy ( E a2 , see inset of Figure 1 a) tends to be further oxidized to CO 2 , causing intensive carbon emissions [10–12] .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efficient utilization of CH 4 is an imperative task. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] CH 4 is the most thermodynamically stable alkane and has a first bond dissociation energy as high as 439.3 kJ mol À1 . [2,8] The chemical inertness of CH 4 make its conversion energy-intensive, reflected by industrial production of hydrogen (H 2 ) based on the highly endothermic methane steam reforming (MSR, CH 4 + 2 H 2 OÐCO 2 + 4 H 2 ) at temperatures higher than 700 8C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2,8] The chemical inertness of CH 4 make its conversion energy-intensive, reflected by industrial production of hydrogen (H 2 ) based on the highly endothermic methane steam reforming (MSR, CH 4 + 2 H 2 OÐCO 2 + 4 H 2 ) at temperatures higher than 700 8C. [6,7,9] Upon such huge input energy to active CH 4 (E a1 , see inset of Figure 1 a), the weak oxidation product (C 2 H 4 ) with lower activation energy (E a2 , see inset of Figure 1 a) tends to be further oxidized to CO 2 , causing intensive carbon emissions. [10][11][12] CH 4 conversion is also challenged by coke deposition over catalysts due to the Boudouard reaction (2 COÐC + CO 2 ) below 600 8C and thermal decomposition of methane (TDM, CH 4 ÐC + 2 H 2 ) above 600 8C (Figure 1 b).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Fan

Xiao

2021

Angewandte Chemie

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Industrial hydrogen production based on methane steam reforming (MSR) remains challenges in intensive carbon emissions, retarded hydrogen generation owing to coke deposition over catalysts and huge consumption of water. We herein report an electrochemical splitting of methane (ESM) in molten salts at 500 8C to produce hydrogen in an energy saving, emission-free and water-free manner. Following the most energy-saving route on methane-to-hydrogen conversion, methane is electrochemically oxidized at anode to generate carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The generated anodic carbon dioxide is in situ captured by the melts and reduced to solid carbon at cathode, enabling a spatial separation of anodic hydrogen generation from cathodic carbon deposition. Lifecycle assessment on hydrogen-generation technologies shows that the ESM experiences an equivalent carbon emission much lower than MSR, and a lower equivalent energy input than alkaline water electrolysis.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Fan

Xiao

2021

Angewandte Chemie

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“…Some researchers experimented with unconventional catalyst designs and achieved remarkable resilience against carbon deposition. For example, Palmer et al [98] employed a column of molten metal alloy (65 : 35 mol % Ni/In) and bubbled a mixture of CO 2 and CH 4 through the column. The molten alloy bubble column reactor facilitated simultaneous methane pyrolysis and DRM, producing syngas with H 2 /CO ratio > 1, when the feed ratio was CH 4 /CO 2 = 1.…”

Section: Other Types Of Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers experimented with unconventional catalyst designs and achieved remarkable resilience against carbon deposition. For example, Palmer et al [98] . employed a column of molten metal alloy (65 : 35 mol % Ni/In) and bubbled a mixture of CO 2 and CH 4 through the column.…”

Section: Catalytic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesizing High‐Volume Chemicals from CO₂ without Direct H₂ Input

et al. 2020

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Decarbonizing the chemical industry will eventually entail using CO 2 as a feedstock for chemical synthesis. However, many chemical syntheses involve CO 2 reduction using inputs such as renewable hydrogen. In this review, chemical processes are discussed that use CO 2 as an oxidant for upgrading hydrocarbon feedstocks. The captured CO 2 is inherently reduced by the hydrocarbon co-reactants without consuming molecular hydrogen or renewable electricity. This CO 2 utilization approach can be potentially applied to synthesize eight emission-intensive molecules, including olefins and epoxides. Catalytic systems and reactor concepts are discussed that can overcome practical challenges, such as thermodynamic limitations, overoxidation, coking, and heat management. Under the best-case scenario, these hydrogen-free CO 2 reduction processes have a combined CO 2 abatement potential of approximately 1 gigatons per year and avoid the consumption of 1.24 PWh renewable electricity, based on current market demand and supply.

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Beneath the Skin: Nanostructure in the Sub‐Oxide Region of Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

Vaillant,

Krishnamurthi,

Parker

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Liquid metals (LMs) are emerging as unique fluids for a variety of applications, but their nanoscale solvation properties remain largely understudied. In this work, a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the structure of the interface between the bulk room temperature liquid metal (RTLM) and the LM oxide in nanodroplet systems of gallium, EGaIn (75.5% gallium, 24.5% indium), and Galinstan (68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, 10% tin). Field's metal (51% indium, 32.5% bismuth, 16.5% tin) is also investigated, which melts at ≈62 °C, as a contrast to the other systems. AFM measurements reveal distinct sub‐oxide nanostructured layering in all three RTLM systems, and Field's metal above the melting point, to differing degrees. EGaIn and Galinstan show multiple penetration events between 20 and 30 nm, with smaller, less complex events in Ga. MD simulations suggest that this layering is a result of the near‐surface ordering of LM atoms beneath the oxide layer. Importantly, the atoms in this region do not behave as solids but are more ordered than in a pure disordered liquid system. The surface nanostructure elucidated here significantly expands the understanding of LM systems and their behavior at interfaces.

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Dry reforming of methane catalysed by molten metal alloys

Cited by 190 publications

References 46 publications

Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Synthesizing High‐Volume Chemicals from CO₂ without Direct H₂ Input

Beneath the Skin: Nanostructure in the Sub‐Oxide Region of Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

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Dry reforming of methane catalysed by molten metal alloys

Cited by 190 publications

References 46 publications

Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Electrochemical Splitting of Methane in Molten Salts To Produce Hydrogen

Synthesizing High‐Volume Chemicals from CO2 without Direct H2 Input

Beneath the Skin: Nanostructure in the Sub‐Oxide Region of Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Synthesizing High‐Volume Chemicals from CO₂ without Direct H₂ Input