Drugs of abuse and addiction: A slippery slope toward liver injury

Roy, Dijendra Nath; Goswami, Ritobrata

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.018

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 175 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Drugs, viruses, chemical poisons, ethanol and other factors can directly or indirectly cause liver damage[ 1 ]. Following liver pathological changes, sustained damage leads to CLI, which causes normal metabolic dysfunction, affects bile excretion and digestive system function, and finally develops into liver failure, which seriously threatens human health[ 2 ]. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic drugs is urgently required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates chronic liver injury by reducing pyroptosis

Cheng¹,

Jiang²,

Deng³

et al. 2020

WJG

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BACKGROUND Chronic liver injury (CLI) is now a worldwide disease. However, there is no effective treatment. Pyroptosis plays an essential role in CLI. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) resists oxidation and protects the liver. We hypothesize that the beneficial effect of DHM on CLI is related to its effect on the expression of pyroptosis-related molecules. Therefore, we studied the influence of DHM on CLI and pyroptosis. AIM To study the role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of CLI and the therapeutic mechanism of DHM. METHODS Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into four groups: The control group was injected with olive oil, the carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) group was injected with CCl 4 , the vehicle group was injected with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin while injecting CCl 4 and the DHM group was injected with DHM while injecting CCl 4 . After four weeks of treatment, liver tissues from the mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O. Blood was collected from the angular vein for serological analysis. The severity of CLI was estimated. Some liver tissue was sampled for immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription PCR to observe the changes in pyroptosis-related molecules. RESULTS Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the CCl 4 group were higher than those in the control group, and serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, AST and ALT in the DHM group were lower than those in the vehicle group. Hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining showed that there were more lipid droplets in the CCl 4 group than in the control group, and there were fewer lipid droplets in the DHM group than in the vehicle group. Western blotting showed that the expression of the pyroptosis-related molecules caspase-1, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-N in the CCl 4 group was higher than that in the control group, while expression of these proteins in the DHM group was lower than that in the vehicle group. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR results showed that the expression of the pyroptosis-related genes caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CCl 4 group was higher than that in the control group, while there was no significant change in NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression in the DHM group compared with that in the vehicle group, and the expression of GSDMD and IL-1β was decreased. CONCLUSION DHM improves CCl 4 -induced CLI and regulates the pyroptosis pathway in hepatocytes. DHM may be a potential therapeutic agent for CLI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates chronic liver injury by reducing pyroptosis

Cheng¹,

Jiang²,

Deng³

et al. 2020

WJG

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“…Moreover, users are also easily getting abused by various designer drugs such as spices (synthetic cannabinoids), salts (synthetic cathinone), MDMA, ketamine, Rohypnol, GHB. Recently, abusing of peyote cactus and magic mushrooms is rising with less commonly abused effects and consequences than those mentioned above [11]. Commonly abused drugs in United States are listed in Table 1.1 and Street names of commonly abused drugs are listed in Table 1.2…”

Section: Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among opioid addiction prevalent, morphine still was the major opioid of abuse [4,11]. At that time, federal laws were issued to manage the raising of drug abuse.…”

Section: Cns Stimulants Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are tablets containing certain and standardized concentration of caffeine in the market. Caffeine triggers mechanism of action which differs from stimulants to another through inhibition of adenosine receptors which are large driver of sleepiness or drowsiness [11,27]. Caffeine was indicated to inhibit effect of adenosine receptors on dopamine receptors [4,28] and increase striatal dopamine in animal models [29] though the implications in human have not been clarified yet.…”

Section: Cns Stimulants Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Codeine has analgesic effects by its active metabolite morphine hence it is considered as a pro-drug. Patients have no or deficiency of CYP2D6 enzyme will get lesser pain relief from codeine therapy [4,11].…”

Section: Opioid Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Drugs of Abuse and Addiction - Overview and Current Status

Nd¹

2018

Journal of Neurology and Neurological Disorders

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Today, both nonprescription and prescription drugs used by people for disease treatment, illicit or reward purposes have diverse effects on health permanently or long-lastingly. The effects may even continue and lead to the death or disabilities in child when a person is no longer use the substance. Substances that cause addiction trigger intense feeling of euphoria then lead to loss of control of selfbehavior and perception. Problem regarding to drug abuse, tobacco and alcohol has always been a hot issue in every country around the world. Apart from alcohol use, drug abuse and addiction cause high risk of accidents, injuries and social violence incidences. It affects to the brain, behaviors, birth defects, drug dependences. Our responsibility nowadays is to help reduce the burden of addiction in a proportion of the world's population. There have been many reports on drug of abuse and neuropsychopharmacology such as Parkinson and other related consequences and diseases. This review paper focuses on the effects of drug abuse and addiction, both Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulants and depressants.

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Anabolic androgenic steroids used as performance and image enhancing drugs in professional and amateur athletes: Toxicological and psychopathological findings

Piacentino

Sani

Kotzalidis

et al. 2021

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) as performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), once restricted to professional athletes, now includes amateurs and regular gym visitors. AAS use is associated with psychopathology, yet this relationship is complex and not fully understood. We aimed to assess the presence of AASs and other misused substances in athletes' biological samples and link toxicological to psychopathological findings. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional study in fitness centres in Italy recruited 122 professional and amateur athletes training in several sports (84 men; age range = 18-45 years). Athletes completed questionnaires, interviews, and toxicology testing for AASs, other PIEDs, illicit drugs, and non-prescribed psychotropics.Toxicology was conducted in blood, urine, and hair.Results: Self-reported and toxicologically detected use rates of AASs and other misused substances showed slight-to-fair agreement (Fleiss' κ = 0.104-0.375). There was slight-to-moderate agreement among the three biological samples used for AAS testing (κ = 0.112-0.436). Thirty-one athletes (25.4%) tested positive for AASs.More sport hours/week, narcissistic or antisocial personality disorders, and higher Daria Piacentino and Gabriele Sani are the co-first authors.

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Drugs of abuse and addiction: A slippery slope toward liver injury

Cited by 18 publications

References 175 publications

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates chronic liver injury by reducing pyroptosis

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates chronic liver injury by reducing pyroptosis

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction - Overview and Current Status

Anabolic androgenic steroids used as performance and image enhancing drugs in professional and amateur athletes: Toxicological and psychopathological findings

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